ANAPHYSIO- TISSUES & MEMBRANES Flashcards
tissue
is a group of cells that have similar structure and
that function together as a unit.
A nonliving material, that fills the spaces between the cells. This may be abundant in
some tissues and minimal in others.
intercellular matrix,
what are the four main tissue types in the body?
(ECoMuN)
Epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
are found on surfaces as either coverings (outer
surfaces) or linings (inner surfaces)
Epithelial tissues
TRUE OR FALSE:
Epithelial tissues have capillaries (smallest type of blood vessel in the body, forming a network that connects arteries and veins).
FALSE. They do not have their own capillaries
Classification is based on the type of cell of which the tissue is made,
its characteristic shape, and the number of layers of cells
epithelial tissues
Three Distinctive Shapes of Epithelial Tissues
- Squamous Cells
- Cuboidal Cells
- Columnar Cells
- Simple means single layer
- Stratified means many layers of cells
Types of epithelial cells based on their shapes
- Squamous epithelium
- Cuboidal epithelium
- Columnar epithelium
- Simple
- Stratified
- Pseudostratified
Types of epithelial cells in your body
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Simple cuboidal epithelium
- Simple columnar epithelium
Types of epithelial cells based on their shape
* Squamous epithelium:
flat and sheet-like in appearance.
Types of epithelial cells based on their shape
* Cuboidal epithelium:
- cube-like in appearance
- equal width, height and depth.
Types of epithelial cells based on their shape
* Columnar epithelium:
column-like in appearance, taller
Types of epithelial cells based on their
arrangement
- simple
- stratified
- pseudostratified
epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.
simple
this epithelium is
made up of more than one layer of cells.
stratified
this epithelium is made up of closely packed cells that appear to be arranged in layers
because they’re different sizes, but
there’s actually just one layer of cells.
pseudostratified
do basal cells regenerates?
yes, when apical cells slough off, they are replaced by basal cells
Types of epithelial cells in your body
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Simple cuboidal epithelium:
- Simple columnar epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium
- Stratified columnar epithelium
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
- lines blood vessels and body cavities
- regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue
Simple cuboidal epithelium
- found
in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
simple columnar epithelium
- specialized for absorption
- usually has apical cilia or microvilli.
- line your stomach and intestines.
Stratified squamous epithelium
- has protective functions,
- protection against microorganisms
from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. - The outer layer of your skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified
squamous epithelial cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
not as common and is found in the excretory ducts of your salivary and
sweat glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium
not as common and is seen in the
1, mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining
your eyelids, where it’s both protective and mucus-secreting.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium:
lines your upper respiratory tract and usually has a lot of cillia
Epithelial cells based on specialized functions
TGO
Transitional epithelium
Glandular epithelium
Olfactory epithelium
Transitional epithelium
- also known as urothelium
- flattened when stretched
- urinary tract
- allows bladder to expand
Glandular
- specialized to produce and secrete
(release) substances such as hormones, proteins, and H20 - found in the glands
Olfactory epithelium
- nasal cavity
- contain olfactory receptor cells
- specialized cilia extensions
- the cilia trap odors
What does the epithelium do?
(PSAEFDS)
protection
secretion
absorption
excretion
filtration
diffusion
sensory receptor
simple sqamous location
alveoli of lungs - permit diffusion of gases
capillaries - thin to permit exchange of materials; smooth to prevent abnormal blood clotting
stratified squamos location and function
- epidermis - surface cells are dead; a barrier to pathogen
- lining of esophagus, vagina- surface cells are living; barrier to pathogens
Transitional structure
many layers of cells; surface cells change from rounded to flat
transitional location and functional
Urinary bladder - expansions
cuboidal location and functon
thyroid gland- secrete hormones
salivary glands- saliva
kidney tubules - reabsorption of useful materials
columnar location and function
lining of stomach - secrete gastric juice
Lining of small intestine - secrete enzymes and absorbs end products of digestion
cilliated
one layer of columnar with cillia on surface
cillated location and function
lining of trachea- sweeps mucus and dust to pharynx
lining of fallopian tube - sweeps ovum towards uterus
connective tissue
- bind structures together
- form a framework
- support organs and the body
- store fat
- transport substances
- protect agains diseases
- repair tissue damage
connective tissue is characterized by an abundance of _______. (a non-living
structure) with relatively few
cells
intercellular matrix
are able to
reproduce but not as rapidly as
epithelial cells.
Connective tissue cells
Most ______ have a
good blood supply but some do
not.
connective tissues
what are the three components of connective tissue
(CFR)
cells, fibers, ground substance
a clear, colorless, viscous fluid that fills the space between the cells and fibers
ground substances
what makes up the extracellular matrix?
fibers and ground substance
3 types of collagen
collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers
- the strongest and most abundant of all the connective tissue fibers
- fibrous proteins and are secreted into the extracellular space and they
provide high tensile strength to the matrix
collagen fibers
- help the connective tissue to stretch and recoil
- are long, thin fibers that form branching network in the extracellular matrix
elastic fiber
- are short, fine collagenous fibers that can branch extensively to form a
delicate network
reticular fivers
Four Main Categories of Connective Tissue
CCBB
1. Connective Proper
a. Loose Connective Tissue : (AAR)
* Areolar
* Adipose
* Reticular
b. Dense Connective Tissue: (DDE)
* Dense Regular
* Dense Irregular
* Elastic
2. Cartilage: (EHF)
a. Elastic Cartilage
b. Hyaline Cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
These tissues are widely distributed
and serve as a universal packing
material between other tissues.
Areolar Connective Tissue
its function include the support and binding of other tissues. It also helps in defending against
infection.
Areolar Connective Tissue
When a body region is inflamed, the
______ in the area soaks up the
excess fluid as a sponge and the
affected area swells and becomes
puffy, a condition called edema.
areolar tissue
This is loose connective tissue composed
of adipocytes.
Adipose Connective Tissue (Body Fat)
Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids, although it also cushions and
insulates the body.
Adipose Connective Tissue (Body Fat)
2 types of adipose tissue are:
a. white adipose tissue (WAT) and
b. brown adipose tissue (BAT).
adipose tissue is found in specific locations, referred to as ______
adipose depots.
- This tissue resembles areolar
connective tissue, but the only
fibers in its matrix are the
reticular fibers, which form a
delicate network. (mura ni siya ug sakura tree)
Reticular Connective Tissue
is limited to
certain sites in the body, such as
internal frameworks that can
support lymph nodes, spleen,
and bone marrow.
Reticular Tissue
This consists of closely packed bundles
of collagen fibers running in the same
direction.
* These collagen fibers are slightly wavy
and can stretch a little bit.
Dense regular Connective Tissue
- With the tensile strength of collagen,
this tissue forms tendons, aponeurosis
and ligaments. - This tissue forms the fascia, which is a
fibrous membrane that wraps around
the muscles, blood vessels, and
nerves.
Dense regular Connective Tissue
- This has the same structural elements
as dense regular tissue, but the
bundles of collagen fibers are much
thicker and arranged irregularly.
Dense irregular Connective Tissue
- This tissue is found in areas where
tension is exerted from many different
directions.
Dense irregular Connective Tissue
- The main fibers that form this
tissue are elastic in nature. - These fibers allow the tissues to
recoil after stretching.
Elastic Connective Tissue
- This is especially seen in the
arterial blood vessels and walls
of the bronchial tubes.
Elastic Connective Tissue
- This is the most abundant of all
cartilage in the body. - Its matrix appears transparent or glassy
when viewed under a microscope.
Hyaline Cartilage
- It provides strong support while
providing pads for shock absorption. - It is a major part of the embryonic
skeleton, the costal cartilages of the
ribs, and the cartilage of the nose,
trachea, and larynx.
Hyaline Cartilage
- This is similar to hyaline cartilage
but is more elastic in nature.
Elastic Cartilage
Its function is to maintain the
shape of the structure while
allowing flexibility.
Elastic Cartilage
It is found in the external ear
(known as an auricle) and in the
epiglottis.
Elastic Cartilage
This is a blend of hyaline cartilage and
dense regular connective tissue.
Fibrocartilage
Because it is compressible and resists tension well, _______ is found
where strong support and the ability to withstand heavy pressure are
required.
fibrocartilage
It is found in the intervertebral discs
of the bony vertebrae and knee
meniscus.
fibrocartilage
bone tissue also called what
osseous tissue
- The osseous tissue is relatively hard
and lightweight in nature. - It is mostly formed of calcium
phosphate in the chemical
arrangement termed calcium
hydroxyapatite, which gives bones
their rigidity
bone
It has relatively high compressive
strength, but poor tensile strength,
and very low shear stress strength.
bone
- The hard outer layer of ______ is
composed of compact bone tissue,
so-called due to its minimal gaps
and spaces. - Its porosity is 5–30%.
bones
- This tissue gives bones their
smooth, white, and solid
appearance, and accounts for 80%
of the total bone mass of an adult
skeleton
compact bones
Filling the interior of the bone is the
________ (an open cell
porous network also called
cancellous or spongy bone), which is
composed of a network of rod and
plate-like elements that make the
overall organ lighter and allow room
for blood vessels and marrow.
trabecular bone tissue
This is considered a specialized
form of connective tissue.
blood
a bodily fluid in
animals that delivers
necessary substances, such as
nutrients and oxygen, to the
cells and transports metabolic
waste products away from
those same cells
blood
blood is _____ since it
does not bind, connect, or
network with any body
cells. It is made up of
blood cells and is
surrounded by a nonliving
fluid called plasma.
blood
is a specialized tissue found in animals which
functions by contracting, thereby applying forces to
different parts of the body
muscle tissue
consists of fibers of muscle cells connected
together in sheets and fibers.
* Together these sheets and fibers and known as muscles,
and control the movements of an organisms as well as
many other contractile functions.
muscle tissue
Types of Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Smooth Muscle Tissue
may also be called “striated”
muscle or voluntary muscle.
- Skeletal muscle
cylindrical, have
several nuclei and appear striated
- Skeletal muscle
makes up the muscles that
are attached to bones
- Skeletal muscle
cells of the heart
cardia muscle
- They are branched, have one nucleus each,
and have faint striations
cardiac muscle
cardiac muscle cell membranes are somewhat folded (known
as ______ ) and permit the electrical
impulses to pass from cell to cell causing
contraction
intercalated discs
have the ability to contract by
themselves and maintain its own beat
cardiac muscle
Smooth Muscle
* Smooth muscle may also be called
______________
The cells of smooth muscle have
tapered ends, a single nucleus, and no
striations
involuntary muscle or visceral muscle.
The functions of _____ are
actually functions of the organs in which
the muscle is found
smooth muscle
- In the stomach and intestines,_______ contracts in
waves called peristalsis to propel food through the
digestive tract.
smooth muscle
- In the walls of arteries and veins, _____ constricts
or dilates the vessels to maintain normal blood pressure.
smooth muscle
- The iris of the eye has two sets of smooth muscle fibers to
constrict or dilate the pupil, which regulates the amount of
light that strikes the retina.
smooth muscle
