Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology > ANAPHY Lessons (Module 1 & 2) > Flashcards

ANAPHY Lessons (Module 1 & 2) Flashcards

Covers topics/questions from Anatomy & Physiology Module 1 and 2

1
Q

Refers to the study of body parts or structures of the body and their relationship with one another.

A

Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A study of anatomy in which structures found in particular regions of the body are studied.

A

Regional Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A type of anatomy that studies the changes of a bodily structure throughout the life span.

A

Developmental Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The study of visible and large body structures such as the heart, liver, and lungs.

A

Gross Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A study that deals with structures of the body that are too small to see by the naked eye.

A

Microscopic Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A study of internal structures and their relationship to the overlying surface of the skin.

A

Surface Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A study in which structures of the body are examined system by system.

A

Systemic Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Studies the function of the body, how the different parts of the body function together to carry out life-sustaining activities.

A

Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the lowest level of the structural and functional organization?

A

Chemical Level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the highest level of the structural and functional organization?

A

Organismal Level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

At the chemical level, atoms build up ______

A

molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In the structural and functional organization, molecules build up _______

A

Organelles (Cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the structural and functional organization, organs are made of _______

A

Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In the structural and functional organization, 2 or more organs form an __________

A

Organ System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the structural and functional organization, the organ systems work together to create an _________

A

Organism (Organismal Level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A system that includes hairs, nails, and the skin to form an external covering and protects deep tissues from injuries.

A

Integumentary System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A system that includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that respond to internal and external changes.

A

Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A system that returns leaked fluids to the blood, is involved in immunity, and houses lymphocytes. It includes thoracic ducts, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, red bone marrow.

A

Lymphatic System / Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A system of the body responsible for the secretion of hormones regulating processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

A

Endocrine System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A system of the body responsible for reproduction, and production of male and female hormones respectively.

A

Male & Female Reproductive System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Provide at least 4 examples of what a highly organized human body can do

A

1.Maintaining boundaries
2.Movement
3.Responsiveness/ Excitability
4.Digestion
5.Metabolism
6.Excretion
7.Reproduction
8.Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane is made of _________ heads and _________ tails.

A

Hydrophilic (Polar) Heads and Hydrophobic (Nonpolar) Tails.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The outside of a cell refers to the ___________.

A

Extracellular Side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The inside of a cell refers to the __________.

A

Cytoplasmic Side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Refers to a set of metabolic pathways which includes the breaking down of molecules that are either oxidized to release energy or are used in same reactions.

A

Catabolic Reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Refers to a set of metabolic pathways that builds up / constructs molecules from smaller units with the use of energy.

A

Anabolic Reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Catabolic reactions release energy in a process called _________.

A

Exergonic Reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Anabolic reactions uses / absorbs energy in a process called ________.

A

Endergonic Reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Provide the 5 requirements of life.

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal Body Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The ability to maintain a stable internal condition even through changes in the outside environment.

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 types of homeostasis

A

Negative & Positive Feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A type of feedback mechanism that does not stop/revert, enhances the original stimulus to greatly increase further stimulus.

A

Positive Feedback Mechanisms / Cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Refers to the inability of the body to maintain/restore a stable internal environment.

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The 3 body positions

A

Anatomical, Prone, Supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A plane that divides the body into left and right.

A

Sagittal Plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A plane that divides the body into left and right at the center.

A

Median Plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A plane that divides the body into the front and back.

A

Coronal Plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A plane that divides the body into up and down.

A

Transverse Plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A plane that divides the body into up and down at an angle/diagonally.

A

Oblique Plane

40
Q

Directional Terms: ________ means toward the midline while _________ means away from the midline.

A

Medial. Lateral.

41
Q

Directional Terms:
________ refers to the front.
________ refers to the back.

A

Anterior (ventral). Posterior (dorsal)

42
Q

Directional Terms:
_______ refers to a part of the appendages towards the trunk.
_______ refers to a part of the appendages away from the trunk.

A

Proximal. Distal.

43
Q

Directional Terms:
_______ refers to the exact same side.
_______ refers to the opposite side.

A

Ipsilateral. Contralateral.

44
Q

The membranes in the ventral cavity.

A
  1. Double-layered
    membrane called
    serosa/ serous
    membrane
  2. Parietal – lining the
    walls
  3. Visceral – covers the
    organs
  4. Serous fluid –
    lubricating fluid that
    separates the serosa
45
Q

Ways the abdominopelvic are divided.

A

4 quadrants, 9 regions.

46
Q

Lowers the activation period/required energy for a chemical reaction to start.

47
Q

Smallest unit of life

48
Q

Components of a generalized, composite cell.

A

Plasma Membrane (selectively permeable barrier) Cytoplasm (intracellular fluid), Nucleus (organelle that controls cell activity)

49
Q

Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the
cells.

A

Extracellular Materials

50
Q

Types of extracellular materials.

A
  1. ECF (extracellular fluid) – includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma,
    cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  2. Cellular secretions – substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as
    lubricants (saliva)
  3. Extracellular matrix (ECM) – most abundant material, jellylike substance
    composed of proteins and polysaccharides.
51
Q

Components of the plasma membrane.

A
  1. Membrane Lipids (fabric of the membrane)
    (phospholipid + cholesterol)
  2. Membrane Protein (communication with the environment, and specialized function)
  3. Membrane Carbohydrates
    (includes glycolipids and glycoproteins)
    (Glycocalyx - provide identity molecules for biological markers)
    Cell Junctions (aids in movement of molecules in between cells)
52
Q

Functions of the cell membrane.

A

Physical Barrier – separates the cytoplasm from
the extracellular fluid.
2. Selective Permeability – determines which substances enters or exit
the cell.
3. Communication – plasma membrane proteins interact with specific
chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior
4. Cell Recognition – cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to
recognize each other

53
Q

The Polar hydrophilic heads and the nonpolar hydrophobic tails makes up the ________.

A

Membrane Lipids

54
Q

2 types of membrane transport.

A

Passive and active membrane transport

55
Q

Types of Passive Membrane Transport.

A

Simple Diffusion - diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer
Facilitated Diffusion - diffuse through carrier proteins or water-filled channel proteins.
Osmosis - diffusion of solvent through a membrane.

56
Q

The ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume.

57
Q

Refers to having the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as those in the cell, therefore no shape changes, no net loss or gain.

58
Q

Refers to having a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than those inside the cell, therefore the cell loses water, shrivels, or crenates.

A

Hypertonic

59
Q

Refers to having more dilute than cells, therefore the cell plumps up or lyse.

60
Q

Move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient
using energy. Requires transport proteins.

A

Active Transport

61
Q

Also known as voltage. result from the separation of oppositely charged particles.

A

Membrane Potentional

62
Q

The resting membrane potential ranges from ________ to _______.

A

(-)50 to (-)90 mV

63
Q

PISO refers to

A

Refers to the movement of potassium and sodium particles in and out of the membrane (resting potential).
PISO = Potassium In, Sodium Out.

64
Q

Refers to surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells
and the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

65
Q

Plasma Membrane Receptors play a role in: _________ & _________.

A

Contact Signaling and Chemical Signaling.

66
Q

3 types of Ligands

A
  1. Neurotransmitters (from nervous system),
  2. Hormones (from endocrine system),
  3. Paracrines (chemicals act locally and easily destroyed)
67
Q

Steps of chemical signaling

A
  1. Ligand is sent to a specific receptor.
  2. Receptor structure changes and cell proteins are altered.
  3. Cell response.
68
Q

The cell material between the plasma membrane and nucleus. The site of most cellular activities.

69
Q

3 major elements of cytoplasm

A
  1. Cytosol - viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements
    are suspended.
    2) Organelles – metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins,
    generate ATP.
    3) Inclusions – chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and pigments.
70
Q

Lozenge-shaped organelles containing its own DNA and RNA. Known as the “Powerplant of the cell”

A

Mitochondria

71
Q

Small-dark staining granules (Protein and DNA)
“Site of protein synthesis”

72
Q

Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs studded with ribosomes.

A

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

73
Q

Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs, contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze
reactions

A

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

74
Q

Stack, flattened membranous sacs that modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids.

A

Golgi Apparatus

75
Q

Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes (many in kidneys and liver)
Oxidases and Catalases detoxify alcohol and
formaldehyde.

A

Peroxisomes

76
Q

Spherical membranous organelles containing activated
hydrolytic enzymes.
Digests all kinds of biological molecules (including bacteria and cell debris)

77
Q

Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and
hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other
cell structures

A

Cytoskeleton

78
Q

3 types of cellular extensions

A
  1. Cilia - whiplike, motile extensions occur in the exposed surface of the cell which moves substance in one direction.
  2. Flagella - long projections of centrioles that function to propel the cell.
  3. Microvilli - fingerlike extensions found in the exposed cell surface. Increases cell surface for absorptive cell (kidneys & intestine)
79
Q

Series of changes a cell
goes through from the time it is formed until it
reproduces

A

Cell Cycle

80
Q

Refers to the period from cell formation to cell division.

A

Interphase

81
Q

division of the nucleus,
is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA
of the parent cell to two
daughter cells

A

Mitotic Phase / Mitosis

82
Q

Refers to the division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

83
Q

Ways unneeded substances are disposed.

A
  1. Autophagy - sweeps cytoplasm and organelles into autophagosomes (double membraned vesicle) delivered to lysosomes for digestion.
  2. Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway - Ubiquitin proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasomes.
  3. Apoptosis - programmed cell death. Cell’s limited life span.
84
Q

Types of tissues and function.

A
  1. Epithelial tissue - covers
  2. Connective tissue -
    supports
  3. Muscle tissue - moves
  4. Nervous tissue - controls
85
Q

Classification of epithelium tissues. (Based on layers)

A

Simple - one layer (absorption, filtration, secretion)
Stratified - 2 or more layers (high abrasion)

86
Q

Classification of epithelium tissues. (Based on shape)

A

Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal.

87
Q

Types of Glands

A

Endocrine - produces hormones to the blood / lymphatic fluids to specific organs.
Exocrine - Secretes towards body surface/body cavities.

88
Q

Structural components of connective tissues.

A
  1. Ground Substance - unstructured materials that fill the space between cells and fibers (Interstitial fluid,
    Cell adhesion proteins
    Proteoglycans)
  2. Fibers (Collagen fibers,
    Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers )
  3. Cells - (macrophages, WBC, Osteoblasts, Mast cells.)
89
Q

Well-vascularized tissues, responsible for most body movement.
Made of myofilaments, and networks of actin and myosin.

A

Muscle Tissue

90
Q

Refers to the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and
nerves) which regulates and controls body functions

A

Nervous Tissue

91
Q

High specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve
impulse.

92
Q

non-conducting cells that support,
insulate and protect delicate neurons

A

Supporting cells/
Glial/Neuroglia

93
Q

A continuous
multicellular sheets
composed of at least 2 primary tissue
types (epithelium +
connective tissue)

94
Q

Types of membrane

A

Mucous membrane - lines body cavities that are open to the external environment.
Cutaneous membrane - refers to the skin.
Serous membrane - line body cavities that are closed to the exterior.

95
Q

Steps of tissue repair

A
  1. Inflammation sets the stage.
  2. Organization restores the blood supply.
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis (thickening of tissue) effect permanent repair.

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions