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Anatomy and Physiology > ANAPHY Lessons (Module 1 & 2) > Flashcards

ANAPHY Lessons (Module 1 & 2) Flashcards

Covers topics/questions from Anatomy & Physiology Module 1 and 2

1
Q

Refers to the study of body parts or structures of the body and their relationship with one another.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

A study of anatomy in which structures found in particular regions of the body are studied.

A

Regional Anatomy

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3
Q

A type of anatomy that studies the changes of a bodily structure throughout the life span.

A

Developmental Anatomy

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4
Q

The study of visible and large body structures such as the heart, liver, and lungs.

A

Gross Anatomy

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5
Q

A study that deals with structures of the body that are too small to see by the naked eye.

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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6
Q

A study of internal structures and their relationship to the overlying surface of the skin.

A

Surface Anatomy

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7
Q

A study in which structures of the body are examined system by system.

A

Systemic Anatomy

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8
Q

Studies the function of the body, how the different parts of the body function together to carry out life-sustaining activities.

A

Physiology

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9
Q

What is the lowest level of the structural and functional organization?

A

Chemical Level

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10
Q

What is the highest level of the structural and functional organization?

A

Organismal Level

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11
Q

At the chemical level, atoms build up ______

A

molecules

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12
Q

In the structural and functional organization, molecules build up _______

A

Organelles (Cells)

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13
Q

In the structural and functional organization, organs are made of _______

A

Tissues

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14
Q

In the structural and functional organization, 2 or more organs form an __________

A

Organ System

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15
Q

In the structural and functional organization, the organ systems work together to create an _________

A

Organism (Organismal Level)

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16
Q

A system that includes hairs, nails, and the skin to form an external covering and protects deep tissues from injuries.

A

Integumentary System

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17
Q

A system that includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that respond to internal and external changes.

A

Nervous System

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18
Q

A system that returns leaked fluids to the blood, is involved in immunity, and houses lymphocytes. It includes thoracic ducts, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, red bone marrow.

A

Lymphatic System / Immunity

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19
Q

A system of the body responsible for the secretion of hormones regulating processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

A

Endocrine System

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20
Q

A system of the body responsible for reproduction, and production of male and female hormones respectively.

A

Male & Female Reproductive System

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21
Q

Provide at least 4 examples of what a highly organized human body can do

A

1.Maintaining boundaries
2.Movement
3.Responsiveness/ Excitability
4.Digestion
5.Metabolism
6.Excretion
7.Reproduction
8.Growth

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22
Q

The phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane is made of _________ heads and _________ tails.

A

Hydrophilic (Polar) Heads and Hydrophobic (Nonpolar) Tails.

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23
Q

The outside of a cell refers to the ___________.

A

Extracellular Side

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24
Q

The inside of a cell refers to the __________.

A

Cytoplasmic Side

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25
Q

Refers to a set of metabolic pathways which includes the breaking down of molecules that are either oxidized to release energy or are used in same reactions.

A

Catabolic Reactions

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26
Q

Refers to a set of metabolic pathways that builds up / constructs molecules from smaller units with the use of energy.

A

Anabolic Reactions

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27
Q

Catabolic reactions release energy in a process called _________.

A

Exergonic Reactions

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28
Q

Anabolic reactions uses / absorbs energy in a process called ________.

A

Endergonic Reactions

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29
Q

Provide the 5 requirements of life.

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal Body Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
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30
Q

The ability to maintain a stable internal condition even through changes in the outside environment.

A

Homeostasis

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of homeostasis

A

Negative & Positive Feedback

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32
Q

A type of feedback mechanism that does not stop/revert, enhances the original stimulus to greatly increase further stimulus.

A

Positive Feedback Mechanisms / Cascade

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33
Q

Refers to the inability of the body to maintain/restore a stable internal environment.

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

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34
Q

The 3 body positions

A

Anatomical, Prone, Supine

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35
Q

A plane that divides the body into left and right.

A

Sagittal Plane

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36
Q

A plane that divides the body into left and right at the center.

A

Median Plane

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37
Q

A plane that divides the body into the front and back.

A

Coronal Plane

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38
Q

A plane that divides the body into up and down.

A

Transverse Plane

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39
Q

A plane that divides the body into up and down at an angle/diagonally.

A

Oblique Plane

40
Q

Directional Terms: ________ means toward the midline while _________ means away from the midline.

A

Medial. Lateral.

41
Q

Directional Terms:
________ refers to the front.
________ refers to the back.

A

Anterior (ventral). Posterior (dorsal)

42
Q

Directional Terms:
_______ refers to a part of the appendages towards the trunk.
_______ refers to a part of the appendages away from the trunk.

A

Proximal. Distal.

43
Q

Directional Terms:
_______ refers to the exact same side.
_______ refers to the opposite side.

A

Ipsilateral. Contralateral.

44
Q

The membranes in the ventral cavity.

A
  1. Double-layered
    membrane called
    serosa/ serous
    membrane
  2. Parietal – lining the
    walls
  3. Visceral – covers the
    organs
  4. Serous fluid –
    lubricating fluid that
    separates the serosa
45
Q

Ways the abdominopelvic are divided.

A

4 quadrants, 9 regions.

46
Q

Lowers the activation period/required energy for a chemical reaction to start.

A

Enzymes

47
Q

Smallest unit of life

A

Cells

48
Q

Components of a generalized, composite cell.

A

Plasma Membrane (selectively permeable barrier) Cytoplasm (intracellular fluid), Nucleus (organelle that controls cell activity)

49
Q

Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the
cells.

A

Extracellular Materials

50
Q

Types of extracellular materials.

A
  1. ECF (extracellular fluid) – includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma,
    cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  2. Cellular secretions – substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as
    lubricants (saliva)
  3. Extracellular matrix (ECM) – most abundant material, jellylike substance
    composed of proteins and polysaccharides.
51
Q

Components of the plasma membrane.

A
  1. Membrane Lipids (fabric of the membrane)
    (phospholipid + cholesterol)
  2. Membrane Protein (communication with the environment, and specialized function)
  3. Membrane Carbohydrates
    (includes glycolipids and glycoproteins)
    (Glycocalyx - provide identity molecules for biological markers)
    Cell Junctions (aids in movement of molecules in between cells)
52
Q

Functions of the cell membrane.

A

Physical Barrier – separates the cytoplasm from
the extracellular fluid.
2. Selective Permeability – determines which substances enters or exit
the cell.
3. Communication – plasma membrane proteins interact with specific
chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior
4. Cell Recognition – cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to
recognize each other

53
Q

The Polar hydrophilic heads and the nonpolar hydrophobic tails makes up the ________.

A

Membrane Lipids

54
Q

2 types of membrane transport.

A

Passive and active membrane transport

55
Q

Types of Passive Membrane Transport.

A

Simple Diffusion - diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer
Facilitated Diffusion - diffuse through carrier proteins or water-filled channel proteins.
Osmosis - diffusion of solvent through a membrane.

56
Q

The ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume.

A

Tonicity

57
Q

Refers to having the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as those in the cell, therefore no shape changes, no net loss or gain.

A

Isotonic

58
Q

Refers to having a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than those inside the cell, therefore the cell loses water, shrivels, or crenates.

A

Hypertonic

59
Q

Refers to having more dilute than cells, therefore the cell plumps up or lyse.

A

Hypotonic

60
Q

Move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient
using energy. Requires transport proteins.

A

Active Transport

61
Q

Also known as voltage. result from the separation of oppositely charged particles.

A

Membrane Potentional

62
Q

The resting membrane potential ranges from ________ to _______.

A

(-)50 to (-)90 mV

63
Q

PISO refers to

A

Refers to the movement of potassium and sodium particles in and out of the membrane (resting potential).
PISO = Potassium In, Sodium Out.

64
Q

Refers to surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells
and the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

65
Q

Plasma Membrane Receptors play a role in: _________ & _________.

A

Contact Signaling and Chemical Signaling.

66
Q

3 types of Ligands

A
  1. Neurotransmitters (from nervous system),
  2. Hormones (from endocrine system),
  3. Paracrines (chemicals act locally and easily destroyed)
67
Q

Steps of chemical signaling

A
  1. Ligand is sent to a specific receptor.
  2. Receptor structure changes and cell proteins are altered.
  3. Cell response.
68
Q

The cell material between the plasma membrane and nucleus. The site of most cellular activities.

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

3 major elements of cytoplasm

A
  1. Cytosol - viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements
    are suspended.
    2) Organelles – metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins,
    generate ATP.
    3) Inclusions – chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and pigments.
70
Q

Lozenge-shaped organelles containing its own DNA and RNA. Known as the “Powerplant of the cell”

A

Mitochondria

71
Q

Small-dark staining granules (Protein and DNA)
“Site of protein synthesis”

A

Ribosomes

72
Q

Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs studded with ribosomes.

A

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

73
Q

Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs, contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze
reactions

A

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

74
Q

Stack, flattened membranous sacs that modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids.

A

Golgi Apparatus

75
Q

Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes (many in kidneys and liver)
Oxidases and Catalases detoxify alcohol and
formaldehyde.

A

Peroxisomes

76
Q

Spherical membranous organelles containing activated
hydrolytic enzymes.
Digests all kinds of biological molecules (including bacteria and cell debris)

A

Lysosomes

77
Q

Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and
hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other
cell structures

A

Cytoskeleton

78
Q

3 types of cellular extensions

A
  1. Cilia - whiplike, motile extensions occur in the exposed surface of the cell which moves substance in one direction.
  2. Flagella - long projections of centrioles that function to propel the cell.
  3. Microvilli - fingerlike extensions found in the exposed cell surface. Increases cell surface for absorptive cell (kidneys & intestine)
79
Q

Series of changes a cell
goes through from the time it is formed until it
reproduces

A

Cell Cycle

80
Q

Refers to the period from cell formation to cell division.

A

Interphase

81
Q

division of the nucleus,
is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA
of the parent cell to two
daughter cells

A

Mitotic Phase / Mitosis

82
Q

Refers to the division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

83
Q

Ways unneeded substances are disposed.

A
  1. Autophagy - sweeps cytoplasm and organelles into autophagosomes (double membraned vesicle) delivered to lysosomes for digestion.
  2. Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway - Ubiquitin proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasomes.
  3. Apoptosis - programmed cell death. Cell’s limited life span.
84
Q

Types of tissues and function.

A
  1. Epithelial tissue - covers
  2. Connective tissue -
    supports
  3. Muscle tissue - moves
  4. Nervous tissue - controls
85
Q

Classification of epithelium tissues. (Based on layers)

A

Simple - one layer (absorption, filtration, secretion)
Stratified - 2 or more layers (high abrasion)

86
Q

Classification of epithelium tissues. (Based on shape)

A

Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal.

87
Q

Types of Glands

A

Endocrine - produces hormones to the blood / lymphatic fluids to specific organs.
Exocrine - Secretes towards body surface/body cavities.

88
Q

Structural components of connective tissues.

A
  1. Ground Substance - unstructured materials that fill the space between cells and fibers (Interstitial fluid,
    Cell adhesion proteins
    Proteoglycans)
  2. Fibers (Collagen fibers,
    Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers )
  3. Cells - (macrophages, WBC, Osteoblasts, Mast cells.)
89
Q

Well-vascularized tissues, responsible for most body movement.
Made of myofilaments, and networks of actin and myosin.

A

Muscle Tissue

90
Q

Refers to the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and
nerves) which regulates and controls body functions

A

Nervous Tissue

91
Q

High specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve
impulse.

A

Neurons

92
Q

non-conducting cells that support,
insulate and protect delicate neurons

A

Supporting cells/
Glial/Neuroglia

93
Q

A continuous
multicellular sheets
composed of at least 2 primary tissue
types (epithelium +
connective tissue)

A

Membrane

94
Q

Types of membrane

A

Mucous membrane - lines body cavities that are open to the external environment.
Cutaneous membrane - refers to the skin.
Serous membrane - line body cavities that are closed to the exterior.

95
Q

Steps of tissue repair

A
  1. Inflammation sets the stage.
  2. Organization restores the blood supply.
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis (thickening of tissue) effect permanent repair.

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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