Anaphy Flashcards
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
Study of how the body and its parts work or function
Physiology
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
System Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Cytology
Histology
Developmental Anatomy
Embryology
looks at all structures in a
particular area of the body;
Regional Anatomy
looks at just one system
(cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.);
System Anatomy
looks at internal structures
as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle
masses or veins seen on surface).
Surface Anatomy
microscopic study of cells
Cytology
microscopic study of tissues
Histology
study of developments before birth
Embryology
Based on Organ Systems
ex: Neurophysiology
Cardiac Physiology
looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on
chemical reactions in individual cells
Often focuses on cellular and molecular
levels of the body
explains the workings of
the nervous system
Neurophysiology
studies the function of the
heart
Cardiac Physiology
The body of the human being exhibits many levels of structural complexity and is very organized, from the smallest chemical
level to whole organism level
Levels of Structural Organization
Levels of Structural Organization
- Chemical level
- Cellular level.
- Tissue level.
- Organ level.
- Organ system level .
- Organ level.
Basically all forms of matter (organic or inorganic) are comprised of atoms and when combined chemically
form molecules.
Chemical Level
Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form microscopic cells, which are the basic unit or building
blocks of every living thing.
Cellular Level
When cells group together for a single purpose or function
Tissue Level
An organ is comprised of two or more tissue types performing a specific function for the body.
Organ Level
When groups of organs work together to achieve a common bodily function
Organ System Level
The organismal level is the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
Organismal Level-
four basic tissue
- epithelial
- connective
- muscular
- nervous.
How many organ systems are there?
11
What are the organ System?
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Male/Female Reproductive System
Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of sensory receptors and sweat and oil glands
Integumentary System
Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals
Skeletal System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat
Muscular System
Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate changes by activating appropriate muscle and glands
Nervous System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
Endocrine System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, waste, etc: the heat pumps blood
Cardiovascular System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood dispose of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses while blood cells involved in immunity
Lymphatic System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of he lungs
Respiratory System
Breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
Digestive System
Eliminates nitrogen-containing waste from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
Urinary System
Production of offspring
Male/Female Reproductive System
Organ systems do not work in isolation; instead, they work together to promote the well-being of the entire body.
Necessary Life Functions/Maintaining Life
Every living organism’s
“inside” must remain distinct
from its “outside.”
Maintaining Boundaries
includes all the activities where bones and
muscles work together, as well as when
substances such as blood, foodstuff, and urine
are propelled through the internal organs
Movement
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in
the environment and then to react to them
Responsiveness/
Irritability
the process of breaking down ingested
food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood and distributed
to all body cells for energy and raw materials
Digestion
refers to all chemical
reactions that occur within
the body and all of its cells
Metabolism
the process of removing wastes from the
body in the form of feces, urine, and sweat,
which involves several organs systems
Excretion
the process of producing an offspring and
is achieved via mitosis or meiosis in the cellular level
Reproduction
this can be an increase in cell size or body
size, wherein cell-constructing activities
must occur at a faster rate than
cell-destroying ones
Growth
any factors coming from the environment
that causes changes in the human body,
such as increase or decrease in
temperature or presence of a pathogen.
Stimulus
It is very astounding as to how there are trillions of cells in the body and yet they are performing their task with little to no
error.
Homeostasis
type of sensor that monitors and responds to
changes in the environment (stimuli) by sending
information (input) to the second component, the
control center. Information flows from the receptor
to the control center along the afferent pathway.
Receptor
it determines the level (set point) at which a
variable is to be maintained. This component
analyzes the information it receives from the
receptor and then determines the appropriate
response or course of action.
Control Center
it provides the means for the control
center’s response (output) to the stimulus.
Information flows from the control center to
the effector along the efferent pathway.
Effector
it is considered a corrective measure of the body to
the stimulus or disturbance in the body, which can
either be a positive or negative feedback mechanism
Response
describe one body structure in relation to another body structure
and the direction is always based on standard anatomical position.
Directional Terms
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; ABOVE
Superior (cranial or cephalic)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body: BELOW
Inferior (caudal)
Toward or at the front of the body; in FRONT of
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the backside of the body: BEHIND
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the INNER side of
Medial
Away from the midline of the body; on the OUTER SIDE of
lateral
BETWEEN a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Toward or at the body surface
Superficial (external)
Away from the body surface; more INTERNAL
Deep (Internal)
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
abdominal
point of shoulder
acromial
Forearm
antebrachial
anterior surface of elbow
antecubital
armpit
axillary
arm
brachial
cheek area
buccal
wrist
carpal
neck region
cervical
hip
coxal
anterior leg; the shin
crural
curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
deltoid
finger, toes
digital
thigh
femoral
lateral part of leg
fibular
forehead
frontal
chin
mental
area where thigh meets body trunk;groin
inguinal
nose area
nasal
mouth
oral
eye area
orbital
anterior knee
patellar
relating to, or occuring in or on, the chest
pectoral
area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
pelvic
ankle region
tarsal
genetal region
pubic
breatbone area
sternal
area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest
thoracic
navel
umbilical
heel of foot
calcaneal
thigh
femoral
head
cephalic
area of back between ribs and hips; the lion
lumbar
posterior surface of head or base of skull
occipital
buttock
gluteal
posterior surface of elbow
olecranal
sole
plantar
posterior knee area
popliteal
are between hips at base of spine
sacral
shoulder blade region
scapular
the posterior surface of leg; the calf
sural
area of spinal column
vertebral
It is a cut along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body, dividing the body into right and left parts.
Median (Midsagittal) or Sagittal Plane
It is a cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal Plane or Coronal Section
It is a cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts. It is also called a cross
section.
Transverse Plane
Body cavities provide different degrees of protection to organs within them. They are typically divided into two______
the dorsal
and ventral body cavities.
What are the 2 subdivisions of dorsal body cavity?
- Cranial City
- Spinal Cavity
space inside the bony skull that protects the
brain
Cranial Cavity
The ventral body cavity is much larger than the dorsal cavity. It contains all the
structures within the chest and abdomen including the visceral organs, and is also
subdivided into 3.
- Superior Thoracic Cavity
- Superior Abdominal Cavity
3.Inferior Pelvic Cavity
contains the stomach, liver,
intestines, and other organs
Superior Abdominal Cavity
extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the
spinal cord
Spinal Cavity
separated from the rest of the
ventral cavity by the diaphragm; has mediastinum
Superior Thoracic Cavity
contains the reproductive organs,
bladder, and rectum
Inferior Pelvic Cavity
divisions used primarily by
medical personnel and are
named according to their
relative locations with respect
to anatomical position
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
is the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the
umbilicus (navel).
umbilical region
What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and regions?
- right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- left upper quadrant
(LUQ) - left lower quadrant (LLQ).
is located superior to the umbilical region (epi = upon, above;
gastric = stomach).
epigastric region
is inferior to the umbilical region (hypo = below).
hypogastric (pubic) region
are lateral to the
hypogastric region (iliac superior part of the hip bone).
right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac (inguinal) region
lie lateral to the umbilical region
(lumbus = loins) and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the hip bones.
right lumbar region and left lumbar region
the oral cavity or the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and
continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.
Oral cavity and digestive cavity
- located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system.
Nasal cavity
the orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position.
Orbital cavities
-the middle ear cavities carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny
bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.
Middle ear cavities
anything that occupies space and has mass. Weight is a measure of gravity pulling on mass.
Matter
have a definite shape and volume.
Solids
do not alter the basic nature of a substance.
Physical Changes
have a definite volume, but they
conform to the shape of their container.
Liquids
Do alter the composition of the substance - often substantially
chemical change
Have neither a definite volume
Gas
It has no mass and does not take up space. It can be measured only by its effects on matter.
Energy
When energy is actually doing work (moving objects),
we refer to it as
Kinetic energy
When energy is inactive or stored (as in the batteries of an unused toy),
Potential energy
