ANAPHY Flashcards
It is the study of the structures of the body
Anatomy
It is the study of the processes and functions of body
Physiology
Body is consist of what?
Water and organic compounds
What are the organic compounds in the body
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
How many percents of water does our body have?
60%
It serves as major structural component of the body
Proteins
Present in the human body as fuels, either as simple sugars circulating theough the bloodstream or as GLYCOGEN
Carbohydrates
A storage compound found in the liver and muscles
Glycogen
Make up the genetic materials of the body
Nucleic acids
Six levels of organization for human body
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
It involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
Chemical
Basic structural and functional units of organisms
Cell
A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
Tissue
Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
Organ
A group of organs classified as a unit
Organ System
A complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another
Organism
It provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D
Integumentary
Provides protection and support, allows body movements
Skeletal
Produces body movements, maintain posture, produces body heat
Muscular
Detects sensation and controls movements, intellectual functions
Nervous
It influences metabolism, growth and reproduction
Endocrine
Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
Cardiovascular
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease
Lymphatic
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air regulates blood pH
Respiratory
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion
Digestive
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH
Urinary
Produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males
Reproductive
What are the six essentials characteristics of life
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
It refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism
Organization
The ability to use energy to perform vital dunctions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction
Metabolism
The ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment
Responsiveness
Refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
Growth
Includes the changes an organism undergoes through time
Development
The formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
Self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stabillity
Homeostasis
It regulates most systems of the body
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Person standing upright with the face directed forward
Anatomical Position
Refers to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual position
Directional Terms
Divides body into left and right portion lengthwise
Sagittal Plane
Divides body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse Plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior portion
Frontal/Coronal Plane
A cut along the length of the organ
Longitudinal
Cuts completely through an organ
Transverse/Cross Section
A cut is made diagonally across the long acis
Oblique
It is surrounded by rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Bounded primarily by the bones of the pelvis
Andominal Cavity
A small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis
Pelvic Cavity
What are the two Serous Membranes
Visceral & Parietal
Membranes that are contact within the organ/s
Viscerel
Membranes that are contact with the walls of the activity
Parietal
Body looking down
Prone
Body looking up
Supine
Body faces side by leaning on right arm
Right Lateral Recumbent
Body facing side by using left arm
Left Lateral Recumbent
The body is sitting down
Fowler’s
Body is slanted and feet are elevated
Trendelenburg
The simplest organisms are consist of?
Single Cells
how many cells does a human are composed of
Multiple cells
the little organs that are specialized structures perform specific functions
Organelles
An organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material
Nucleus
Living material surrounding the nucleus and contains many types of organelles
Cytoplasm
Four important functions of the body cells
- Cell metabolism and energy use
- Synthesis of molecules
- Communication
- Reproduction and Inheritance
The chemical reactions that occur within cells are collectively called cell metabolism
Cell Metabolism and energy use
synthesize or produces various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Synthesis of molecules
Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals
Communication
Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information
Reproduction and Inheritance
It encloses the cytoplasm
Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane
Outermost component of cell that forms selective barrier between intracellular and extracellular
Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane
It forms a double layer that contains two regions
Phospholipids
What are the two regions in phospholipids
Polar and Nonpolar
Also known as “heads” and exposed to H2O (hydrophilic)
Polar Region
Also known as “tails” and away from H2O (hydrophobic)
Nonpolar Region
Float among the phospholipids
Protein
Extend from inner to outer surface of the cell membrane
Protein
What are the four functions of Protein
Carrier
Receptor
Enzymes
Structural Support
Provide added strength and stability bu limiting the movement of phospholipid’s
Cholesterol
May be bound to CHON molecules
Carbohydrates
What are the 14 organelles
(NRRS-GSLP-MMCC-FM)
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Secretory Vesicles
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Mitochondria
Microtubules
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Microvilli
Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli
Nucleus
RNA synthesis and Ribosomal subunit assembly
Nucleus
Composed of one large and one small subunit; protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Have many ribosomes attached; protein synthesis
Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Lipid synthesis
Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
closely packed stacks; modifies and packages CHON
Golgi Apparatus
Contains materials produced within cell
Secretory Vesicles
Formed by Golgi Apparatus
Secretory Vesicles
Secreted by exocytosis
Secretory Vesicles
Enzymes digest material taken into the cell
Lysosome
breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
Organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by space: Inner (smooth contour) and Outer (numerous folds, called CRISTAE)
Mitochondria
It supports cytoplasm; assist in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella
Microtubules
Facilitate movement of chromosomes during cell division
Centrioles
Located on cell surface that move substances over surfaces of certain cells
Cilia
Proper sperm cells
Flagella
Increase surface area of certain cells
Microvilli
Does not require the cell to expand energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
Passive Membrane Transport
Does require the cell to expand energy; includes active transport, secondaary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
Active Membrane Transport
Movement of solute from higher concentration to lower within a solvent
Diffusion
Concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent
Concentration Gradient
Diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane
Osmosis
Force required to prevent movement of water across selective permeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
moves substance from higher to lower concentration; doesn’t require energy in the form of ATP
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of substance across a membrane by means of a carrier molecule
Carrier-Mediated Transport
moves substance from lower to higher concentration and requires ATP
Active Transport
Uses energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane
Secondary Active Transport
Both substances move in the same direction
Co-transport
Substances move in opposite direction
Counter-transport
Movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle
Endocytosis
Cell receptors attaching to molecules
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Movement of SOLID material into cells (cell-eating)
Phagocytosis
materials ingested is much smaller and is in solution (cell-drinking)
Pinocytosis
Secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation
Exocytosis
Cell’s framework; vital for providing support, hold organelles in place, enable cell to change shapes
Cytoskeleton
Types of Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments
Largest diameter; provide structural support, assist in cell division, form certain organelles (cilia and flagella)
Microtubules
Medium diameter; maintain cell shape
Intermediate Filaments
Smallest diameter; determine cell shape and involved in cell movement
Microfilaments
Process which the information in DNA directs protein synthesis
Gene Expression
Two stages of Gene Expression
Transcription & Translation
Provess by which DNA is read
Transcription
Process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)
Translation
Series of events that produce new cells for growth and tissue repair
Cell Cycle
Non-dividing phase in which DNA replicates
Interphase
Formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell
Cell division
How many chromosomes does each cell have (diploid)
46 chromosomes
How many chromosomes does a sperm and egg cells have?
23
Four stages of Mitosis(Cell division)
(PMAT)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Each chromosomes consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere
Prophase
Chromosomes align at the center of the cell
Metaphase
Chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite piles
Anaphase
Two nuclei assume their normal structure, cell division is completed, producing new two daughter cells
Telophase
Cells develop specialized structures and functions; selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections
Differentiation
also known as programmed cell death; cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and controlled
Apoptosis
Cellular aspects of aging:
- Cellular Clock
- Death Genes
- DNA Damage
- Free Radicals
The microscopic study of tissue structure
Histology
Four basic types of tissues
Epithelium/Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Type of tissue that covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside of the body
Epithelial/Epithelium Tissue
Diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body
Connective Tissue
Type of tissue that makes a movement possible by contracting or shortening
Muscle Tissue
Type pf tissue that is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities
Nervous Tissue
Exposed and not attached to other cells
Free/Apical Surface
Cells attached to other epithelial cells
Lateral Surface
Attached to a basement membrane
Basal Surface
Major Functions of Epithelia
(PAPSA)
Protecting
Acting as barrier
Permit passage
Secreting
Absorbing
Classification of Epithelium
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Transitional
Single layers of cells
Simple
More than one layer of cells
Stratified
Special type of simple epithelium; appears to be stratifies but is not
Pseudostratified
Modification of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched
Transitional
Cells are flat or scale-like
Squamous
Cells are cube-shape; about as wide as they are tall
Cuboidal
Cells tend to be taller that they are wide
Columnar
Structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood; primarily composed of epithelium
Glands
Two types of Glands
Exocrine (with ducts)
Endocrine (no ducts)
single, non-branched duct
Simple Glands
Multiple, branched ducts
Compound Glands
Shaped as tubules, can be straight or coiled
Tubular
Sac-like structure
Acinar/Alveolar
Glands with combination of the tubular and acinar/alveolar
Tubuloacinar
Tubuloalveolar
Cells of glands produce secretion
Merocrine Secretion
Secretory products are stored
Apocrine Secretion
Involves the shedding of entire cells
Holocrine Secretion
Form the matrix
Blast cells
Break down the matrix
Clast cells
Maintain the matrix
Cyte cells
Which form bones
Osteoblasts
Which form cartilage
Chondroblasts
Break down bone
Osteoclasts
Maintain the bone
Osteocytes
Responsible for detecting any change and motor the value of variables
Receptor
Negative feedback mechanism
Uterine contractions during delivery
Basic approach to study anatomy; medical and dental schools
Regional Anatomy
Cell structure and function from generalize to specialized
Growth and Development
stimulates blood vessels in the skin to constrict
Hypothalamus
The body would compensate with the change in core temptation
Hypothalamus
Produce large amounts of lipoprotein for secretion
Lysosomes
Have the largest number of mitochondria
Muscle Cells
double protein layer in the plasma membrane
Fluid-Mosaic Mode of Cell Membrane
It is an example of molecule which can directly pass through phospholipid bilayer
Carbon Dioxide
Filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement
Basement Membrane
Many layers, outer (flat & thin), basal layer (cuboidal/columnar)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Cube like when organ is RELAXED;
Flattened when organ is DISTENDED
Transitional Epithelium
Extracellular Matrix of bones
Collagen & minerals
High proportion of calcium phosphate crystals
What type of tissue is Bones?
Connective Tissue
It is the site of bone growth in length
Epiphyseal Plate
A connective tissue layer that covers the outer surface of bones
Periosteum
Pepper is a vegan….
Stimulated the release of pH
Represents the set of fused bones
Sacral Bone
Degree of motion
Connective Tissue
Unique movement; thumb moves forward to little finger
Opposition
Movement of synovial joint in one plane
Hinge
Component of Fibula
Lateral Malleolus
Bone that is unpaired
Sphenoid
Opening through which spinal cord connects to the BRAIN
Foramen Magnum
A functional unit of skeletal muscle that has smallest portion capable of CONTRACTING
Sacromere
Anchored the myosin myofilaments into the cytoskeleton
M Line
high metabolic rate & use aerobic respiration
Muscle Fibers
Attached to Z lines at one point
Actin Myofilaments
Increase in tension to muscles without changing its length
Isometric
Muscles closes the jaw
Masseter & Temporalis
Which is not involved in playing piano
Tensor Fisciae Latae
Powerful sucking muscle
Buccinator
Muscle group works with and assists of a prime mover
Synergist
Unable to flex the thigh
Iliopsoas & Rectus Femoris
Biceps Brachii & Triceps Beachii
Antagonists
