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Analytical Chemistry > analytical techniques > Flashcards

analytical techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

is polarized and coherent and has narrow spectral width and small cross section area with low divergence.

A

-Laser light

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2
Q

Single beam spectrophotometer

A

Light Source> Entrance Slit> Monochromator>Exit Slit>Sample Cuvet>PM tube>A/D > Display

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3
Q

ELECTROPHORESIS

A
  • Migration of charged solutes/particles in an electrical field.
  • Five components: Driving force, support medium, buffer, sample, detecting system
  • Procedure:
  • support materials:cellulose acetate, agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel, starch gel
  • treatment and application of sample
  • detection and quantitation
  • electroendosmosis
  • isoelectric focusing
  • capillary electrophoresis
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4
Q

*Group of techniques used to separate complex mixtures on basis of different physical interactions

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

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5
Q

measures light transmitted by a solution to determine concentration of light-absorbing substance in a solution

A

spectrophotometric instruments

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6
Q

*Migration of charged solutes/particles in an electrical field.

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

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7
Q

-Applications of Mass Spectrophotometry in clinical lab

A

Structural information and molecular weight determination

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8
Q

Components of spectrophotometer

A

Light source
Monochromators
Sample cell
photodetectors

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9
Q
  • chloride ISEs have largely replaced cuilometric titrations

- anodic stripping voltametry was widely used for analysis of lead.

A

•Cuolometric chloridometers and anodic stripping voltametry

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10
Q

Spectrophotometer quality assurance

A

Wavelength accuracy
stray light
linearity

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11
Q

detector of mass spectrophotometry

A

Use of an electron multiplier to detect ions

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12
Q

measure light intensity without consideration of wavelength

A

photometric instruments

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13
Q

Concentration of a substance is directly proportional to right amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to logarithm of transmitted light

A

beer’s law

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14
Q

most common mass analyzer used today

A

Quadrupole:

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15
Q

routinely used to measure concentration of trace metals that are not easily excited

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

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16
Q

*Basic Components of Chromatography:

A

Mobile phase
Stationary phase
Column holding stationary phase
Separated components

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17
Q
  • atmospheric pressure ionization
A

> electrospray ionization

>Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

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18
Q

-sample introduction and ionization

MASS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

A
  • Electron ionization

* atmospheric pressure ionization

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19
Q

LASER stands for?

A

-Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

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20
Q

*Procedure of the electrophoresis:

A
  1. Sample is soaked in hydrated support for 5 minutes.
  2. Support is put into electrophoresis chamber filled with buffer.
  3. Constant voltage or current is applied for a specific time.
  4. Support is removed and placed in fixative or rapidly dried.
  5. Zones are stained with appropriate dye.
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21
Q

measures light emitted by excited atoms

A

flame photometry

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22
Q

*modes of separation of chromatography

A

Adsorption
Partition
Steric exclusion
Ion-exchange chromatography

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23
Q

no longer routinely used, replaced by ion selective electrodes

A

flame photometry

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24
Q

*Chromatographic Procedures

A
  • Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
  • HPLC high Performance Liquid Chromatography
  • gas chromatography
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25
Q

basic instrumentation of fluorometry

A

Filter fluorometers measure concentrations of solution that contain fluorescing molecules

source emits short-wavelength high-energy excitation light

mechanical attenuator controls light intensity

26
Q
  • A variant of column chromatography
    * thin layer of sorbent is uniformly coated on glass/plastic plate
    * samples are applied as spots near edge of plate
    * one edge of plate is placed in solvent
A

-Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

27
Q

used to determine concentration of Na, Li, or K

A

Flame photometry

28
Q

-when coupled with other techniques, has powerful analytical capabilities with widespread clinical applications

A

MASS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

ns

29
Q

measures concentration by detecting absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules
sensitive and precise

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

30
Q

-used as a detector to identify samples eluting from gas chromatographic or HPLC colum

A

MASS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

31
Q

-based on interaction of radiant energy and suitably excited atoms or molecules

A

Laser application

32
Q

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

A
  • Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells
  • Half-cells.
  • Ion-Selective Electrodes.
  • pH electrodes
  • Gas-sensing electrodes
  • enzymes electrodes
  • Cuolometric chloridometers and anodic stripping voltametry
33
Q

•components: of hplc

A

pumps, columns, sample injectors, detectors, recorders

34
Q

-Part of chemical energy generated produces excited intermediates that decay to a ground state with emission of photons.

A

Chemiluminescence

35
Q
  • solvent migrates up thin layer by capillary action

* After solvent reaches predetermined height, plate is removed and dried.

A

-Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

36
Q

similar to turbidity except different angle of measurement.

A

*nephelometry-

37
Q
  • chloride ISEs have largely replaced cuilometric titrations

- anodic stripping voltametry was widely used for analysis of lead.

A

•Cuolometric chloridometers and anodic stripping voltametry

38
Q

•uses pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, inline detectors, and gradient elution techniques.

A

-HPLC high Performance Liquid Chromatography

39
Q

Can serve as source of incident energy in spectrophotometer or nephelometer

A

laser application

40
Q

INSTRUMENTATION FOR PROTEOMICS

A
  • Proteomics
  • Two-Dimensional electrophoresis
  • MALDI-TOF and SELDI-TOF Mass spectrophotometry.
41
Q

advantage and disadvantage of fluorometry

A

advantage: greater specificity and sensitivity

disadvantage : very sensitive to environmental changes

42
Q

-Two-Dimensional electrophoresis

A
  1. First dimension: Proteins are resolved according to their isoelectric points using immobilized pH gradients
    1. second Dimension: proteins are separated according to size.
43
Q

-unlike fluorescence, no excitation radiation or monochromators are required.

A

Chemiluminescence

44
Q

can be used for: determination of structure, identification of samples, and diagnosis.

A

-laser spectrophotometry

45
Q

-Oxidation reactions of luminol, arcidinium esters & dioxetanes

A

Chemiluminescence

46
Q

-An ISE covered by immobilized enzymes that can catalyze a specific chemical reaction

A

•enzymes electrodes

47
Q

basic filter fluorometer

A

source> attenuator > primary filter> sample holder> secondary filter> detector(photo multiplier) > readout

48
Q
  • Proteomics
    - investigation of protein products encoded by genes
  • important for disease detection
A

*Proteomics

49
Q

*Five components of electrophoresis:

A

Driving force, support medium, buffer, sample, detecting system

50
Q

-Shotgun approach to discovery of new biochemical markers

A

*Proteomics

51
Q

measures concentration of particulate matter in sample.

A

*turbidity-

52
Q

•used to separate mixtures of compounds that are volatile or can be made volatile

A

-gas chromatography

53
Q

Laser application

A

-Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
-based on interaction of radiant energy and suitably excited atoms or molecules
-Laser light is polarized and coherent and has narrow spectral width and small cross section areawith low divergence.
Can serve as source of incident energy in spectrophotometer or nephelometer
-laser spectrophotometry can be used for: determination of structure, identification of samples, and diagnosis.

54
Q

OSMOMETRY AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR POCT

A
  • Osmometry

* Analytic Techniques for Point-of- Care Testing POCT

55
Q

*support materials of electrophoresis:

A

cellulose acetate, agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel, starch gel

56
Q

• components of gas chromatography

A

: columns, detectors

57
Q

Chemiluminescence

A
  • Part of chemical energy generated produces excited intermediates that decay to a ground state with emission of photons.
  • unlike fluorescence, no excitation radiation or monochromators are required.
  • Oxidation reactions of luminol, arcidinium esters & dioxetanes
58
Q

> sample in a small tube is lowered into a chamber with cold refrigerant circulating from cooling unit
> Thermistor is immersed in sample.
> wire is used to stir sample until it is cooled to several degrees below its freezing point.

A

*Freezing point osmometer

59
Q

*Measures concentration of solute particles in a solution

A

•Osmometry

60
Q

> sample in a small tube is lowered into a chamber with cold refrigerant circulating from cooling unit
> Thermistor is immersed in sample.
> wire is used to stir sample until it is cooled to several degrees below its freezing point.

A

*Freezing point osmometer

61
Q

> POCT devices are widely used for clinical application

A

• Analytic Techniques for Point-of- Care Testing POCT

Analytical Chemistry (2 decks)

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