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Analytical Method Flashcards

1
Q

Distance between two successive peaks; expressed in nanometers

A

Wavelength

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2
Q

Range of visible light

A

400-700 nm

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3
Q

UV

A
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4
Q

Infrared

A

> 700 nm

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5
Q

Relationship between wavelength and energy is describe in

A

Planck’s formula

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6
Q

Number of vibrations of wave motion per second

A

Frequency

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7
Q

Note: Wavelength is INVERSELY proportional to frequency and energy.

⬆️ frequency = ⬇️ wavelength

A

Remeber this!

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8
Q

Wavelength in nanometers at peak transmittance

A

Nominal wavelength

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9
Q

Is the wavelength indicated on the control dial is the actual wavelength of light passed by the monochromator

A

Wavelength accuracy

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10
Q

Used to check for wavelength accuracy

A

Holmium oxide and didymium

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11
Q

Used to check for absorbance accuracy

A

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

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12
Q

Is transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency and wavelength

A

Energy

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13
Q

Most common analytical method used in clinical chemistry

A

Colorimetry

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14
Q

Involves measurement pf the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light absorbing substances in the solution

A

Spectrophotometry

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15
Q

Simplest type of absorption spectrometer; one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength

A

Single beam spectrophotometer

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16
Q

Instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components

A

Double beam spectrophotometer

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17
Q

Note: 2 Types of Double-beam Spectro

Double beam in space - 2 photodetectors

Double beam in time - uses a rotator or chopper

A

Remember this!

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18
Q

Provides polychromatoc light and must generate sufficient radial energy or power to measure the analyte of interest

A

Light source

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19
Q

Type of a light source where it emits radiation that changes in intensity

A

Continuum souce

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20
Q

Type of light source wherein it emits limited radiation and wavelength

A

Line source

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21
Q

Most commonly used light souce in the visible and near infrared region

A

Tungsten light bulb

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22
Q

Light source for UV radiation

A

Deuterium lamp

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23
Q

Light source that produces a continous source of radiatoon which covers goth UV and the visible range

A

Xenon lamp

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24
Q

Minimizes unwanted or stray light

A

Entrance slit

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25
Q

Any wavelength outside the band

A

Stray light

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26
Q

Isolates specific or individual wavelength

A

Monochromator

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27
Q

Wedge-shaped piece of glass, quartz or sodium chloride

A

Prism

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28
Q

Most commonly used monochromator

A

Diffraction gratings

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29
Q

Simple, least expensive; based on tue principle pf constructive interference of waves

A

Filters

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30
Q

Controls the width of light beam (bandpass)

A

Exit slit

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31
Q

Total range of wavelength transmitted

A

Bandpass

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32
Q

Note:

The narrower the bandpass, the greater the resolution

A

Remember this!

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33
Q

Also known as the sample cell; it holds the solution

A

Cuvet

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34
Q

Most commonly used cuvet

A

Alumina silica glass

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35
Q

Cuvet for UV radiation

A

Quartz

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36
Q

It detects and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy

A

Photodetector

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37
Q

Simplest photodetector; used in filter photometers; used for detecting and measuring radiation on the visible region; composed of selenium on a plate of iron covered with transparent later of silver

A

Barrier layer cell/ Photocell/ Photovoltaic cell

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38
Q

Contains cathode and anode; gives off electron when light energy strikes it

A

Phototube

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39
Q

Most commonly used detector; most sensitive

A

Photomultiplier tube (PMT)

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40
Q

Photodetector with excellent linearity

A

Photodiode

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41
Q

Displays the output

A

Read-out device

42
Q

Concentration of unknown = absorbed light 🔁 amount of light transmitted

A

Beer’s Law

43
Q

Is performed using glass filters or solutions that have known absorbance values for specific wavelength

A

Absorbance check

44
Q

Used to correct absorbance caused by the color of reagents

A

Blank reagent

45
Q

Measures the light emitted by a single atom burned in flame

A

Flame emission photometry

46
Q

Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state

47
Q

What is the internal standard for FEP?

A

Lithium/Cesium

48
Q

Note: FEP is used in the measurement of Sodium and Potassium

A

Remember this!

49
Q

It measures the light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat

A

Atomic Absorption Photometry

50
Q

Element is not excited by merely dissociated from its chemical bond and place in its ground state

51
Q

Note:

AAS is more sensitive; it does not need internal standard

A

Remember this!

52
Q

A shift in wavelength under AAS die to the presence of intense magnetic field

A

Zeeman effect

53
Q

The unknown sample is made to react with an indicator

A

Volumetric (Titrimetric)

54
Q

Second major analytical method in CC

A

Turbidimetry

55
Q

Determines the amount of light blocked

A

Turbidimetry

56
Q

Determines the amount of scattered light

A

Nephelometry

57
Q

Note:
Turbidimetry - for protein and bacterial growth measurement

Nephelometry - more sensitive; for Ag-Ab complex

A

Remember this!

58
Q

Angle where light scattered is measured

A

15-90 degrees

59
Q

Migration of charged particles in an electric field

A

Electrophoresis

60
Q

Buffer for electrophoresis

A

Barbital pH of 8.6

61
Q

Has a net charge that can be positive or negative depending on the pH conditions

A

Amphoteric

62
Q

Movement of buffer ions and solvent relative to fixed support

A

Endosmosis

63
Q

Migration of small charged ions

A

Iontophoresis

64
Q

Migration of charged macromolecules

A

Zone electrophoresis

65
Q

Electrophoresis support media where it separates by molecular size

A

Cellulose acetate

66
Q

Separates by electrical charge and does not bind protein

A

Agarose gel

67
Q

Separates on the basis of charge and molecular size; separates proteins into 20 fractions; used to study isoenzymes

A

Polyacrilamide gel

68
Q

Measures the absorbance of stain

A

Densitometry

69
Q

Separates molecules by migration through pH gradient

A

Isoelectric focusing

70
Q

How is pH gradient created?

A

Add Acid to anodic area

Add Base to cathodic area

71
Q

Net zero charge

A

Isoelectric point

72
Q

Sample molecules are separated by electro-osmotic flow

A

Capillary electrophoresis

73
Q

Involves separation of soluble components in a solution

A

Chromatography

74
Q

2 forma of chromatography

A

Planar and Columnar

75
Q

Used for fractionation of sugar and amino acid

A

Paper chromatography

76
Q

Semiquantitive for drug testing

A

Thin layer chromatography

77
Q

For separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol and lipids

A

Gas chromatography

78
Q

Detector for Gas liquid chromatography

A

Flame ionization

79
Q

Based on the fragmentatiom and ionization of molecules

A

Mass spectroscopy

80
Q

Note;

Every drug has its own fingerprint pattern which is compared to a computer library of known fragmentations

A

Remember this!

81
Q

Method used for detection of inborn error of metabolism

A

Tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS)

82
Q

Gold standard for drug testing

83
Q

It uses pressure for past separations

A

High performance liquid chromatography

84
Q

For detecting nonvolatile substance in body fluids

A

Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy

85
Q

For separation of amino acids and nucleic acids

A

Ion exchange chromatography

86
Q

For the separation of therapeutic drugs and metabolites

A

Patitition chromatography (Liquid-liquid chromatography)

87
Q

The so-called lock-and-key binding that is widely present in biologic systems

A

Affinity chromatography

88
Q

It measures the amount of light intensity present over a zero background

A

Fluorometry

89
Q

Determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation

A

Fluorometry

90
Q

The chemical reaction yields an electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to the ground state

A

Chemiluminescence

91
Q

Based on measuring the colligative properties

92
Q

Most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties of a solution

A

Freezing point depression

93
Q

Measurement of electrical potential die to the activity of free ions

A

Potentiometry

94
Q

Is am electrochemical transducer capable of responding to one given ion

A

Ion selective electrode

95
Q

ISE membrane for Sodium

A

Glass aluminum silicate

96
Q

ISE membrane for Potassium

A

Valinomycin

97
Q

ISE membrane for calcium and lithium

A

Liquid membrane

98
Q

Is the measuremt of the amount of electricity at a fixed potential

A

Coulometry

99
Q

Is the measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation reaction

A

Amperometry

100
Q

Is the measurement of differences at a constant voltage

A

Polarography

101
Q

Measurement of current after which potential is applied to an electrochemical cell

A

Voltammetry

CC (3 decks)

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