Analytical Chemistry Final

Question 1

a reagent of known concentration
that is used in a titrimetric analysis

Answer 1

standard solution

Question 2

a process in which a standard reagent is
added to a solution of an analyte until the reaction
between the analyte and reagent is judged to be
complete

Answer 2

Titration

Question 3

a process in which the excess of a standard
solution used to consume an analyte is determined by
titration with a second standard solution

Answer 3

Back-titration

Question 4

the point in a titration when the amount
of added standard reagent is equivalent to the amount of analyte

Answer 4

equivalence point

Question 5

the point in a titration when a physical change
occurs that is associated with the condition of chemical
equivalence

Answer 5

end point

Question 6

often added to the analyte solution to give an
observable physical change (the end point) at or near the
equivalence point

Answer 6

Indicators

Question 7

highly purified compound that serves
as a reference material in all volumetric and mass titrimetric
methods

Answer 7

primary standard

Question 8

a carefully weighed
quantity of a primary standard is dissolved in a suitable
solvent and diluted to a known volume in a volumetric flask

Answer 8

direct method

Question 8

a compound whose purity has been
established by chemical analysis and that serves as the
reference material for a titrimetric method of analysis

Answer 8

secondary standard

Question 9

the concentration of a volumetric
solution is determined by titrating it against a carefully
measured quantity of a primary or secondary standard or an
exactly known volume of another standard solution

Answer 9

standardization

Question 10

the number of moles of
reagent contained in one liter of solution

Answer 10

Molar concentration

Question 11

the number of equivalents of reagent in the
same volume

Answer 11

normal
concentration

Question 12

the mass of
titrant is measured rather than the volume

Answer 12

Mass (weight) or gravimetric titrations

Question 13

plots of a concentration related variable as a function of reagent volume

Answer 13

Titration curves

Question 14

important observations are confined to a small region (typically ± 0.1 to ± 0.5 ml)
surrounding the equivalence point

Answer 14

sigmoidal curve,

Question 15

measurements are made on both sides of but well away from the equivalence point

Answer 15

Linear segment curve

Question 16

type offers the advantages of speed and
convenience

Answer 16

sigmoidal

Question 17

a weak organic acid
or a weak organic base whose undissociated form differs in color from its conjugate form

Answer 17

acid/base indicator

Question 18

a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid that resists changes in pH of a solution

Answer 18

buffer

Question 19

a solution of a
conjugate acid / base pair that resists changes in pH

Answer 19

buffer solution

Question 20

cause the most pronounced change in pH at the equivalence point

Answer 20

Strong acids and strong bases

Question 21

donor species with at least one pair of unshared electrons

Answer 21

ligand

Question 22

produced when a metal ion coordinates with two
or more donor groups of a single ligand to form a five- or six membered heterocyclic ring

Answer 22

chelate

Question 23

A ligand that has a single donor group

Answer 23

unidentate

Question 24

a ligand that has two groups available for covalent bonding

Answer 24

bidentate

Question 25

Titrations with silver nitrate

Answer 25

argentometric titrations

Question 26

The Mohr titration must be carried out at a pH of 7 to 10 because

Answer 26

chromate ion is the conjugate base of the weak chromic acid

Question 27

in acidic solutions, where the pH is less than 7, the chromate ion concentration is

Answer 27

too low to produce the precipitate.

Question 28

The most important application of the Volhard Method is for

Answer 28

indirect determination of halide ions

Question 29

This reaction causes the end point to fade

Answer 29

precipitation titrations

Question 30

indicators that respond to the analyte itself, whereas others are based on an added metal ion

Answer 30

Direct titration

Question 31

Spectrophotometric methods and Back-titration methods are examples of

Answer 31

Direct Titration

Question 32

the study of how light interacts with matter

Answer 32

Spectroscopy

Question 33

the use of the absorption, emission, or scattering of electromagnetic radiation by atoms or molecules (or atomic or molecular ions) to qualitatively or quantitatively study the atoms or molecules, or to study physical processes

Answer 33

Spectroscopy

Question 34

A transition from a lower level to a higher level with transfer of energy from the radiation field to the atom or molecule is called

Answer 34

absorption

Question 35

A transition from a higher level to a lower level is called

Answer 35

emission

Question 36

Redirection of light due to its interaction with matter is called

Answer 36

scattering

Question 37

an energy wave that is composed of an electric field component and a magnetic field component.

Answer 37

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 38

Two concepts have been used to describe EM radiation:

Answer 38

the wave model and the particle model

Question 39

The wave model characterizes EM radiation as the

Answer 39

propagation of energy through transverse oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields

Question 40

EM waves are measured by four parameters:

Answer 40

frequency, wavelength, polarization, and amplitude

Question 41

the length of one complete oscillation or the distance between successive waves

Answer 41

Wavelength

Question 42

the number of oscillations per sec. as measured in hertz

Answer 42

Frequency

Question 43

the absolute strength of the EM radiation as measured in volts per meter or amperes per meter

Answer 43

Amplitude

Question 44

the relative orientation of the EM radiation (horizontal, vertical, or circular)

Answer 44

Polarization

Question 45

The unit is the reciprocal centimeter (cm-1)

Answer 45

kaiser

Question 46

The particle model proposes that EM radiation consists of entities called

Answer 46

photons

Question 47

photons can possess only discrete amounts of energy aka

Answer 47

quanta

Question 48

can only exist in motion, which, for them, can only mean moving at the speed of light

Answer 48

Photons

Question 49

True or False? Photons can interact with other particles, exchanging energy and momentum through elastic and inelastic collisions

Answer 49

True

Question 50

True or False? Higher-frequency EM radiation has higher energy

Answer 50

True

Question 51

relates the actual energy value of a quantum to frequency in the equation

Answer 51

Planck's constant

Question 52

if the light frequency increases, the energy _____

Answer 52

increases

Question 53

if the light wavelength increases, the energy ______

Answer 53

decreases

Question 54

a quantum mechanical phenomenon that results in the emission of two photons in the same direction with the same energy and spatial coherence

Answer 54

stimulated emission

Question 55

light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Answer 55

laser

Question 56

scattering, reflection, and absorption are examples of

Answer 56

particle like behaviors

Question 57

reflection, refraction, transmission, diffraction, and absorption are examples of

Answer 57

wavelike behaviors

Question 58

If more than one material is involved in the passage of EM radiation, the propagation direction is subject to bending, which is called

Answer 58

refraction.

Question 59

A reflecting medium that fails to produce an image is described as

Answer 59

diffuse

Question 60

a medium that loses an image during transmission is described as

Answer 60

translucent

Question 61

is nondirectional when the size of the particles is on the order of the radiation's wavelength.

Answer 61

Rayleigh scattering

Question 62

diffusion by larger particles which is not as wavelength-dependent as Rayleigh scattering

Answer 62

Mie scattering

Question 63

Light that is scattered at the same wavelength as the incoming light is called

Answer 63

Rayleigh scattering

Question 64

Light that is scattered in transparent solids due to vibrations (phonons) is called

Answer 64

Brillouin scattering

Question 65

Light that is scattered due to vibrations in molecules or optical phonons in solids is called

Answer 65

Raman scattering

Question 66

Atoms or molecules that are excited to high energy levels can decay to lower levels by emitting radiation

Answer 66

emission or luminescence

Question 67

For atoms excited by a high-temperature energy source this light emission is commonly called

Answer 67

atomic or optical emission.

Question 68

atoms excited with light is called

Answer 68

atomic fluorescence

Question 69

if the transition is between states of the same spin it is called

Answer 69

fluorescence

Question 70

if the transition occurs between states of different spin it is called

Answer 70

phosphorescence

Question 71

allows EM radiation to bend, pass through small apertures, and move around small particles of matter.

Answer 71

diffraction