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STS FINAL > Analytical Chemistry Final > Flashcards

Analytical Chemistry Final Flashcards

1
Q

a reagent of known concentration
that is used in a titrimetric analysis

A

standard solution

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2
Q

a process in which a standard reagent is
added to a solution of an analyte until the reaction
between the analyte and reagent is judged to be
complete

A

Titration

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3
Q

a process in which the excess of a standard
solution used to consume an analyte is determined by
titration with a second standard solution

A

Back-titration

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4
Q

the point in a titration when the amount
of added standard reagent is equivalent to the amount of analyte

A

equivalence point

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5
Q

the point in a titration when a physical change
occurs that is associated with the condition of chemical
equivalence

A

end point

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6
Q

often added to the analyte solution to give an
observable physical change (the end point) at or near the
equivalence point

A

Indicators

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7
Q

highly purified compound that serves
as a reference material in all volumetric and mass titrimetric
methods

A

primary standard

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8
Q

a carefully weighed
quantity of a primary standard is dissolved in a suitable
solvent and diluted to a known volume in a volumetric flask

A

direct method

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8
Q

a compound whose purity has been
established by chemical analysis and that serves as the
reference material for a titrimetric method of analysis

A

secondary standard

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9
Q

the concentration of a volumetric
solution is determined by titrating it against a carefully
measured quantity of a primary or secondary standard or an
exactly known volume of another standard solution

A

standardization

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10
Q

the number of moles of
reagent contained in one liter of solution

A

Molar concentration

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11
Q

the number of equivalents of reagent in the
same volume

A

normal
concentration

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12
Q

the mass of
titrant is measured rather than the volume

A

Mass (weight) or gravimetric titrations

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13
Q

plots of a concentration related variable as a function of reagent volume

A

Titration curves

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14
Q

important observations are confined to a small region (typically ± 0.1 to ± 0.5 ml)
surrounding the equivalence point

A

sigmoidal curve,

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15
Q

measurements are made on both sides of but well away from the equivalence point

A

Linear segment curve

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16
Q

type offers the advantages of speed and
convenience

A

sigmoidal

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17
Q

a weak organic acid
or a weak organic base whose undissociated form differs in color from its conjugate form

A

acid/base indicator

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18
Q

a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid that resists changes in pH of a solution

A

buffer

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19
Q

a solution of a
conjugate acid / base pair that resists changes in pH

A

buffer solution

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20
Q

cause the most pronounced change in pH at the equivalence point

A

Strong acids and strong bases

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21
Q

donor species with at least one pair of unshared electrons

A

ligand

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22
Q

produced when a metal ion coordinates with two
or more donor groups of a single ligand to form a five- or six membered heterocyclic ring

A

chelate

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23
Q

A ligand that has a single donor group

A

unidentate

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24
Q

a ligand that has two groups available for covalent bonding

A

bidentate

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25
Q

Titrations with silver nitrate

A

argentometric titrations

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26
Q

The Mohr titration must be carried out at a pH of 7 to
10 because

A

chromate ion is the conjugate base of the weak chromic acid

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27
Q

in acidic solutions, where the pH is less than 7, the chromate ion concentration is

A

too low to produce the precipitate.

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28
Q

The most important application of the Volhard Method is for

A

indirect determination of halide ions

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29
Q

This reaction causes the end point to fade

A

precipitation titrations

30
Q

indicators that respond to the analyte itself, whereas others are based on an added metal
ion

A

Direct titration

31
Q

Spectrophotometric methods and Back-titration methods are examples of

A

Direct Titration

32
Q

the study of how light interacts
with matter

A

Spectroscopy

33
Q

the use of the absorption,
emission, or scattering of electromagnetic radiation by atoms or molecules (or atomic or molecular ions) to qualitatively or quantitatively
study the atoms or molecules, or to study physical processes

A

Spectroscopy

34
Q

A transition from a lower level to a higher level with transfer of energy from the radiation field to the atom or molecule is called

A

absorption

35
Q

A transition from a higher level to a lower level is called

A

emission

36
Q

Redirection of light due to its interaction with matter is called

A

scattering

37
Q

an energy wave that
is composed of an electric field component and a magnetic field component.

A

Electromagnetic radiation

38
Q

Two concepts have
been used to describe EM
radiation:

A

the wave
model and the
particle model

39
Q

The wave model characterizes EM radiation as
the

A

propagation of energy through transverse oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields

40
Q

EM waves are measured by four parameters:

A

frequency, wavelength, polarization, and amplitude

41
Q

the length of one complete oscillation or the distance between successive waves

A

Wavelength

42
Q

the number of oscillations per sec. as measured in hertz

A

Frequency

43
Q

the absolute strength of the EM
radiation as measured in volts per meter or amperes per meter

A

Amplitude

44
Q

the relative orientation of the EM
radiation (horizontal, vertical, or circular)

A

Polarization

45
Q

The unit is the reciprocal
centimeter (cm-1)

A

kaiser

46
Q

The particle model proposes that EM radiation
consists of entities called

A

photons

47
Q

photons can
possess only discrete amounts of energy aka

A

quanta

48
Q

can only exist in motion, which,
for them, can only mean moving at the speed
of light

A

Photons

49
Q

True or False? Photons can interact with other particles,
exchanging energy and momentum through
elastic and inelastic collisions

A

True

50
Q

True or False? Higher-frequency EM radiation has higher
energy

A

True

51
Q

relates the actual energy value of a quantum to
frequency in the equation

A

Planck’s constant

52
Q

if the light frequency increases, the energy _____

A

increases

53
Q

if the light wavelength increases, the energy ______

A

decreases

54
Q

a quantum
mechanical phenomenon that results in the
emission of two photons in the same direction
with the same energy and spatial coherence

A

stimulated emission

55
Q

light
amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation

A

laser

56
Q

scattering,
reflection, and absorption are examples of

A

particle like behaviors

57
Q

reflection,
refraction, transmission, diffraction, and
absorption are examples of

A

wavelike behaviors

58
Q

If more than one material is involved in the passage of
EM radiation, the propagation direction is subject to
bending, which is called

A

refraction.

59
Q

A reflecting medium that fails to produce an image is described as

A

diffuse

60
Q

a medium that
loses an image during transmission is described
as

A

translucent

61
Q

is nondirectional when the size of the
particles is on the order of the radiation’s
wavelength.

A

Rayleigh scattering

62
Q

diffusion by larger particles which is not as
wavelength-dependent as Rayleigh scattering

A

Mie scattering

63
Q

Light that is scattered at the same wavelength
as the incoming light is called

A

Rayleigh
scattering

64
Q

Light that is scattered in transparent solids
due to vibrations (phonons) is called

A

Brillouin scattering

65
Q

Light that is scattered due to vibrations in
molecules or optical phonons in solids is called

A

Raman scattering

66
Q

Atoms or molecules that are excited to high
energy levels can decay to lower levels by
emitting radiation

A

emission or luminescence

67
Q

For atoms excited by a high-temperature
energy source this light emission is commonly
called

A

atomic or optical emission.

68
Q

atoms excited with light is called

A

atomic fluorescence

69
Q

if the transition is between states of the
same spin it is called

A

fluorescence

70
Q

if the
transition occurs between states of
different spin it is called

A

phosphorescence

71
Q

allows EM
radiation to bend, pass through small apertures,
and move around small particles of matter.

A

diffraction

72
Q
A
73
Q
A

STS FINAL (2 decks)

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