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ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AND COMMUNICATION (305) > ANALYSIS OF NATURAL AND ATYPICAL ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR (1.1) > Flashcards

ANALYSIS OF NATURAL AND ATYPICAL ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR (1.1) Flashcards

1
Q

examples of natural and atypical animal behaviours

A

1) foraging
2) hunting
3) sleeping
4) social behaviour
5) grooming
6) courtship
7) territorial
8) hyperactivity
9) excessive inactivity
10) displacement behaviours
11) stereotypic behaviours

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2
Q

what is foraging?

A

behaviour seen in the wild where animals search for food.

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3
Q

what are the behaviours associated with foraging?

A
  • sniffing around for sources of food.
  • eating leftovers (whether or not the food was meant as leftovers).
  • eating food that grows in the wild including fruit and grass.
  • eating faeces if it contains some nutritional content.
  • hoarding of food that has been found.
  • territorial behaviour based on guarding food.
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4
Q

what hunting behaviours may animals in captivity demonstrate elements of?

A
  • dogs often have a desire to chase after other animals or even cars.
  • vigorous shaking of a toy, cloth or stick in a dogs mouth stimulates the way a dog might kill prey.
  • herding behaviour in sheepdogs derives from chasing and rounding up prey.
  • sniffer dogs abilities are derived from the desire to seek out and track prey.
  • domestic cats will stalk and sometimes kill animals such as birds + rodents.
  • cats will also employ a sit and wait tactic.
  • hunters often adopt a point and freeze stance when prey is detected.
  • play fighting either with other animals or humans stimulates the behaviour needed when subduing prey.
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5
Q

what does crepuscular mean?

A

animals that are active at dawn and dusk.

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6
Q

what does nocturnal mean?

A

they sleep during the day and wake at night.

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7
Q

how long on average do dogs spend sleeping?

A

dogs will sleep for hours at a time across different times of the day and may spend around 12 hours asleep each day although this depends on species, age + the individual animal.

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8
Q

are rodents and rabbits nocturnal?

A

yes

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9
Q

how long can cats sleep?

A

12-16 hours a day although that ends to be a light sleep so they can react to any perceived threat.

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10
Q

what makes birds sleep so special?

A

they are able to sleep with only 1/2 of the brain at a time as this allows them to keep 1 eye open and alert whilst partly asleep, if the right hand part of the brain is asleep then the left eye can be kept open.

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11
Q

how long do horses spend sleeping standing up?

A

around 3 hours a day.

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12
Q

how long do cows and sheep sleep for?

A

around 4 hours a day lying down if they are comfortable and safe in their surroundings.

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13
Q

how long do pigs spend sleeping in a day?

A

8 hours per day lying down.

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14
Q

what does social behaviour refer to?

A

the way in which animals interact with each other.

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15
Q

are dogs social animals?

A

yes which means that they do not like to be by themselves and seek out the company of familiar dogs or humans.

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16
Q

what are typical social behaviours of dogs?

A
  • barking to warn other members of the family about intruders or potential danger.
  • play fighting
  • smelling each other to establish mood and behaviour.
  • sleeping together
  • greeting returning members of the family.
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17
Q

what species like the company of their own species?

A
  • horses
  • donkeys
  • cows
  • pigs
  • sheep
  • goats
  • chickens
  • gerbils
  • mice
  • rats
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18
Q

what are the common solitary animals?

A

hamsters and most reptiles.

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19
Q

what will grooming animals use to groom?

A
  • tongue
  • mouth
  • beaks
  • paws
20
Q

what is the purpose of grooming?

A

it is the primary way that many animals keep clean through the removal of dirt, parasites, faeces and urine.

21
Q

how is the act of touch of benefit?

A

it is pleasurable and relaxing which can reduce stress levels in the animal + provide other benefits to health.

22
Q

what cycles do female mammals have?

A

oestrous cycle when they are on heat and are only sexually active during this time.

23
Q

when does courtship occur?

A

when the female is on heat because hormonal changes mean she secrete pheromones and behaviours in a way that signals to the male she is sexually receptive.

24
Q

signs of heat?

A
  • swollen + reddened vulva and mucous discharge
25
Q

what does oestrous mean?

A

the time in a female productive cycle when they are fertile and ready to mate or on heat.

26
Q

what is a perineum?

A

the area between the anus and genital area.

27
Q

courtship behaviours in dogs?

A
  • mounting and thrusting behaviour from males.
  • females may back into males.
  • females will flag their tail to lift it out of the way.
  • males may follow females around and be more aggressive with other males.
  • males will try and smell or lick the females perineum.
  • males and females may display playful behaviour towards each other such as the play bow.
28
Q

courtship behaviours in cats?

A
  • male and female cats will call out to try to find available mates.
  • males will spray urine to both find females and warn other mates off.
  • the male and female cats will spend more time touching and licking each other.
29
Q

courtship behaviours in horses?

A
  • tail is erect and adopts the same position as when urinating.
  • actively seeks out other horses.
  • mares stand still with hindquarters facing a stallion.
  • the flehmen response (when a horse bears its upper lips and inhales in order to breathe in to detect pheromones).
30
Q

courtship behaviours in sheep?

A
  • ewe finds a ram and stays near it (may separate from the flock).
  • ewes form a harem, raising and wagging their tails.
  • ram displays flehmen response as with horses and may lift front leg onto a ewe + vocalise.
31
Q

courtship behaviours in cows?

A
  • raised + twitching tail with arched back.
  • seeks a bull through bellowing.
  • cows may attempt to mount other cows.
32
Q

do rabbits have an oestrous cycle?

A

no they ovulate once they have mated.

33
Q

how is urine used in territory?

A

it is often used by animals to mark their territory, this communicates information to other animals that the area is occupied.

34
Q

what is hyperkinesis?

A

another term for hyperactivity.

35
Q

symptoms of hyperactivity?

A
  • chasing own tail
  • spinning around and around
  • constant movement
  • short attention span that stops the animal from concentrating on 1 task.
  • impulsive and easily distracted
  • destructive behaviour
36
Q

why are animals hyperactive?

A
  • environment (chaotic surroundings and lack of structure or routine will exacerbate any animals tendency towards hyperactivity).
  • for pets small children can excite young animals which may affect their behaviours as an adult.
  • for sociable animals such as dogs lack of contact with humans or other dogs can cause them to behaviour in an over simulated fashion when they do have contact.
  • lack of exercise can also play a part (dogs will need a certain amount of exercise each day to provide structure and help burn off some energy).
  • diet is important for all aspects of animals health and hyperactivity can be a symptom of poor diet.
  • genetics
  • an underlying medical issue such as malfunctioning thyroid can also lead to hyperactivity.
37
Q

what is the opposite problem from hyperactivity?

A

abnormal inactivity

38
Q

what are the symptoms of excessive inactivity?

A
  • prolonged periods of inactivity, either sitting, standing or lying down.
  • lack of response to stimuli
  • body language that suggests they are withdrawn.
  • less vocal than normal.
39
Q

what do sociable animals need?

A

stimulation from their companions so a lack of opportunities for social interaction will affect them.

40
Q

when does displacement behaviour occur?

A

if an animal is torn between 2 contradictory urges or is somehow prevented from doing something they really want to.

41
Q

examples of displacement behaviour?

A
  • scratching
  • self grooming
  • touching themselves
42
Q

what does displacement behaviour indicate?

A

the stress level of an animal.

43
Q

what is stereotypic behaviour?

A

repetitive actions or movement without a particular aim or goal.

44
Q

what does stereotypy mean?

A

the repetition of a movement or action for no particular reason.

45
Q

examples of stereotypic behaviour?

A
  • pacing up and down or round + round
  • rocking back and fourth
  • repeated vocalisations
  • tossing the head up and down
  • moving a limb back and forth
  • repeated biting or tongue movements
  • excessive grooming
46
Q

causation of stereotypic behaviour?

A
  • a lack of opportunity to forage for food.
  • poor diet can lead to oral stereotypy
  • lack of space relative to natural behaviour in the wild.
  • growing up in a stressful environment.
47
Q

is stereotypic behaviour observed in wild animals?

A

no and is a sign that is something is wrong with the captive environment.

ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AND COMMUNICATION (305) (9 decks)

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