analysis of body cavity fluids

Question 1

non inflammatory causes of accumulation of fluids in different cavites

Answer 1

• increased permability of vessels due to non inflammatory causes
  
  • increased hydrostatic pressure of the blood
    
    • right sided heart failure
    • liver hypertension, failure, cirrhosis
    • vessel blockage
    • renal fibrosis
  • decrease in plasma colloid oncontic pressure
    
    • decrease in plasma albumin
      
      • type and quality of protein intake
      • gastric and pancreatic EPI
      • intestinal digestion
      • synthesis (liver failure)
      • utilisation ( Pregnancy, work, production etc.)
      • Loss (PLN or PLE)
  • impeded lymphatic flow (backward stasis)
    
    • hormonal effects ( aldosterone, ADH)

Question 2

inflammatory causes of accumulaton of fluids in different body cavities

Answer 2

• increases vessel prmeability due to inflammatory causes
  
  • bacterial toxins
  • viral effects (immune complexes)
  • parasitic toxins
  • inflammatory mediators (histamine, immune complexes etc.)

Question 3

types of body cavity fluids

Answer 3

• Transudate ( hydro-)
• Exudate (pyro- )
• modified transudate
• blood
• Chylus (lymph)

Question 4

parameters uses to examine body cavity fluids

Answer 4

• outlook physical parameters (colour, odour, consistency)
• rivalta - test
• coagulation ability
• specific gravity
• PH
• RBC count
• nucleated cell count
• TP conc.
• Albumin/ globuin ratio
• creatinin, urea concentration
• alpha amylase, lipase activity
• LDH activity
• triglycerol, cholesterol conc.
• cytological analysis

Question 5

describe the rivalta test

Answer 5

• prepare 3% acetic acid solution
• drop 1-2 drops into solution
• if coagulation occurs = Exudate
• if no coagulation = transudate
• if the sample contains globulins - honey like change

Question 6

transudate characterisitics

Answer 6

• colour
  
  • bloody (heart failure, stasis of vessels)
  • watery or yellowish (liver failure)
• odour
  
  • no smell
• Consistency
  
  • watery
• Rivalta test
  
  • negative
• coagulation ability
  
  • no coagulation
• specific gravity
  
  • low
  • <1.017
• PH
  
  • slightly alkaline or 7
• nucleated cell count
  
  • low < 1-10 x10⁹ / l
• TP
  
  • low < 25g/l

Question 7

exudate characterisitics

Answer 7

• colour
  
  • generally opaque
  • bloody
  • grey white
  • yellow white
  • light brown
• odour
  
  • often has a smell
• consistency
  
  • viscous
• Rivalta test
  
  • strong positive
• coagulation ability
  
  • coagulation positive
• specific gravity
  
  • high > 1.025
• PH
  
  • acidic
• nucleated cell count
  
  • high > 50 x10⁹ / l
• TP
  
  • high > 35g/l

Question 8

where does modified transudate appear

Answer 8

after long term stasis of fluid in body cavities

Question 9

escribe sampling of CSF

Answer 9

• samples to e taken from
  
  • occipital zone
  • lumbosacral zone
  • lumbal zone
• placed into Na (k)₂ EDTA

Question 10

analysis of CSF

Answer 10

• cell counts
  
  • differentiation and counting of WBCs
  • appearance of neoplastic cells - v.rare
• Protein content analysis
• lactate analysis
• glucose concentration
  
  • normal = 60 - 80%
  • reduced in case of inflammation
• enzyme activity
  
  • AST, CK - B, LDH
  • activity increases as a result of CNS injury