Analgesics & Anesthetics

Question 1

Benzodiazepines

Answer 1

Work by binding to GABA receptors and increasing inhibition
Work in the CNS (thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system)
Also leads to decreased serotonin and turnover of acetylcholine
Less cardiac and respiratory changes than other sedatives but paradoxical excitement and dysphoria for some. But does cause amnesia. Protect both from light
Midazolam can be given IV, IM, and SQ but not PO or rectally b/c of poor bioavilability. It is water soluble. Shorter half life. Save as a CRI
Diazepam can be given IV via central line (risk of phlebitis with 40% propylene glycol (and 10% alcohol) as well as toxicity (metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, organ dysfunction, and neuro signs- esp cats) if given long term and acute withdrawal if suddenly reversed (seizures, dysphoria, excitement)) as well as rectally (1-2mg/kg) and IN but not IM. Not water soluble. Associated with acute hepatic necrosis if given orally to cats
Metabolized by the liver - contraindicated in hepatic disease and PSS
Small doses of diazepam IV 0.005mg/kg - 0.4mg/kg q24hrs in cats help with appetite
Flumazenil 0.01-0.02mg/kg IV or even CRI but caution (worsen signs, seizures, withdrawal)

Question 2

Propofol

Question 3

Inhaled Anesthetics

Answer 3

Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
Halothane
Nitrous oxide

Question 4

Barbiturates

Question 5

Alpha 2 agonists

Question 6

NMDA Antagonists

Question 7

Opioids

Question 8

Dissociatives

Question 9

Local Anesthetics

Question 10

Phenothiazine

Question 11

Neuromuscular blockage

Question 12

Etomidate