Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Acute Care + Anaesthetics > Anaesthetics Overview > Flashcards

Anaesthetics Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of GA?

A

Induction
Maintenance
Emergence/reversal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the anaesthetic triad?

A

Unconsciousness
Muscle relaxation
Analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which agent is most commonly used for induction of GA?

A

IV propofol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the onset and offset time for propofol?

A

Onset about 30 seconds

Offset 3-7 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some of the physiological effects of propofol?

A 
Hypnosis
Myocardial depression 
Reduced SVR
Respiratory depression
Obtunds upper airway reflexes (good for putting in LMA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which allergy would be a contraindication for propofol?

A

Egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which factors might lead to a delay in induction of anaesthesia?

A

Slow arm to brain circulation time e.g. elderly, CVD
Patient anxiety
Recreational drug use
Extravasation (drug leaks out of vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which other type of agent is used for induction?

A

Inhalation of volatile agent e.g. sevoflurane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In which situations is inhaled induction commonly used?

A

Paediatrics
Cases of difficult airway
Difficult IV access
Inhaled foreign body (maintaining spontaneous ventilation is preferable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is rapid sequence induction (RSI) used?

A

To minimise risk of regurgitation + aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give some examples of when RSI might be used:

A

Bowel obstruction or intra-abdominal pathology
Un-fasted patient in an emergency or trauma situation
Obstetric emergency
Strong history of reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does RSI work?

A

Pre-oxygenation with 100% O2
Cricoid pressure (compress oesophagus) –> prevents regurgitation of gastric contents
Pre-oxygenation plus rapid induction + paralysis removes the need for bag + mask ventilation before intubation
–> risk of gastric insufflation + regurgitation is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different types of muscle relaxants?

A

Depolarising –> e.g. suxamethonium

Non-depolarising –> e.g. atracurium, rocuronium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is suxamethonium a good muscle relaxant to use?

A 
RSI
Difficult airway (as wears off quickly)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some side effects of suxamethonium?

A 
Muscle pain (as causes fasciculations during the operation)
Jaw rigidity
Hyperkalaemia (can be toxic)
Bradycardia
Malignant hyperthermia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is muscle relaxation monitored during surgery?

A

Peripheral nerve stimulator used to monitor NMJ function

17
Q

What are the options for maintaining the airway in an anaesthetised patient?

A

Supraglottic device e.g. LMA

ET tube

18
Q

Where does an LMA sit?

A

Above the vocal cords –> no protection against aspiration

19
Q

Where does an ET tube sit?

A

Passes through vocal cords, cuff inflated

–> airway protected (secure)

20
Q

What are the options for maintenance of anaesthesia?

A

Usually inhaled volatile agents (induction with propofol, maintained with volatile agent)
Or continuous infusion of IV agent

21
Q

What are some of the systemic effects of GA?

A

Reduced BP
Ventilation can impede venous return –> reduced preload + CO
Respiratory depression
Loss of airway reflexes + tone

22
Q

Why is BP reduced during GA?

A 
Vasodilation (reduced SVR)
Negative inotropy (reduced SV)
Negative chronotropy (reduced HR)
23
Q

Are induction agents anti-emetic or emetogenic?

A

Propofol –> antiemetic

Volatile agents –> emetogenic

24
Q

Why is ketamine different to other anaesthetic agents?

A

Maintains CV stability
Preserves muscle tone + airway patency
Bronchodilator

25
Q

In which situations is ketamine useful for anaesthesia?

A

Haemodynamically unstable patients

In the developing world + field medicine

26
Q

What must be ensured before emergence from GA?

A

Adequate analgesia
Anti-emetic
NMJ function restored

27
Q

Why is analgesia still given during GA when the patient is unconscious?

A

Surgery will elicit a sympathetic response –> analgesia presents this
Also essential for smooth emergence and comfort immediately after surgery

28
Q

Which analgesia is most often used during surgery?

A

Fentanyl

29
Q

Why is temperature monitored during surgery?

A

Patient susceptible to hypothermia due to:

  • vasodilation
  • convection
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • evaporation
  • loss of shivering
30
Q

How might a patient be warmed during surgery?

A

Warm air devices

Warmed fluids

31
Q

What is ‘awareness’ during anaesthesia?

A

Unplanned recall of events under GA

32
Q

Which drugs might be used to increase HR during surgery?

A

Antimuscarinic e.g. atropine

33
Q

Which drugs might be used to reduce HR during surgery?

A

Beta-blockers

34
Q

Which drugs might be used to increase BP during surgery?

A

Alpha agonists e.g. metaraminol

35
Q

Which drugs might be used to reduced BP during surgery?

A

Alpha antagonists e.g. phentolamine

Acute Care + Anaesthetics (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions