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MBChB 4 > Anaesthetics > Flashcards

Anaesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of airway obstruction?

A

Vomit/ Tongue
Angioedema

Laryngospams

Epiglotitis

Tumours

Trauma

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2
Q

How many breaths per minute is normal?

A

12

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3
Q

What volume of air is tidal volume?

A

500 ml

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4
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

6 Litres

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5
Q

What volume of air is normal functional residual capacity?

A

2.5 L

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6
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Amount of air left behind after tidal volume

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7
Q

In obese patients, what lung volume is reduced?

A

Functional residual capacity

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8
Q

Describe what the terms “variable” and “fixed” are used for when describing oxygen masks?

A

Variable - Unable to determine the amount of oxygen administered

Fixed - Able to determine the amount of oxygen administered

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9
Q

What is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be put into nasal speculums?

A

4 Litres

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10
Q

What type of mask is a Hudson mask?

A

Variable performance mask

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11
Q

What type of mask is a non-rebreather mask?

A

Fixed performance mask

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12
Q

What is this ? What is its use?

A

Guedel airway (oropharyngeal airway)

Used to open airway and depress tongue

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13
Q

How is a guedel oropharygenal airway inserted?

A

Reverse side first, then turned around

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14
Q

What is this?

A

Nasopharyngeal airway

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15
Q

What is an “LMA” and what is its use?

A

Laryngeal mask airway

Sits over the laryngeal inlet - keeping open and supplies oxygen

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16
Q

What is an “igel”?

A

Supraglottic airway

Sits above laryngeal inlet

17
Q

What is used to guide endotracheal tube placement through vocal cords?

A

Laryngoscope

18
Q

What is an example of a definitive airway?

A

Endotracheal tube

19
Q

What factors make intubation difficult?

A

Airway obstruction

Kids

Hyperbarric patients

Beards

Rotten teeth

TMJ dysfunction

Jaw fracture

Receeding jaw

20
Q

What is caprogrpahy?

A

Measurement of CO2 from endotracheal tube

Shows that tube is placed in the correct place

Shows that there is normal cardiac output

21
Q

How would a patient who could not normally be intubated be intubated?

A

Awake fiberoptic endoscope

22
Q

What airway manoeuvre should be used if there is a queried C spine fracture

A

Jaw thrust

23
Q

What airway manoeuvre should be done to open the airway of a normal patient?

A

Head tilt chin lift

24
Q

What are the three pilars of anaesthesia?

A

Hyponosis

Muscle relaxation

Analgesia

25
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

CO = Stroke volume X Heart rate

26
Q

What is normal cardiac output?

A

4-8 L per minute

27
Q

Where is spinal anaesthesia injected?

A

L3/L4
Injected into the subarachnoid space

28
Q

What is epidural injected into?

A

Epidural space (vertebral canal)

29
Q

What does an epidural needle pass through?

A

Supraspinous

Interspinous

Ligamentum flavum

Epidural space

30
Q

What does a spinal needle pass through?

A

Supraspinous

Interspinous

Ligamentum flavum

Dura matter

31
Q

What makes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus:

Lateral ventricles

Third ventricles

Fourth ventricles

32
Q

An epidural above which spinal level may lead to bradycardia?

A

T4

33
Q

What are the advantages of endotracheal tube over a laryngeal mask?

A

Endotracheal tube seals the airway. Provides airway patency + protection

Consider in patients who are at risk of aspiration

34
Q

How is the minute volume of lungs calculated?

A

VM= Tidal X Respiratory rate

35
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Alveloar ventilation is the portion of the minute volume that takes part in gas exchange at alveolus.

Proportion of gas is wasted - remains in large airways or lung dead space

VM = Alveolar ventilation + Dead Space Ventilation

36
Q
A

MBChB 4 (9 decks)

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