Anaesthesia Machineand Monitoring

Question 1

What decreases end-tidal CO2?

Answer 1

Increased alveolar ventilation
Increased RR
Increased TVol

Reduced CO2 production
Hypothermia
Hypo metabolic states- myxodeoema

Increased alveolar dead-space
Reduced cardiac output
Pulmonary emboli
High PEEP during IPPV

Decreased/No CO2 delivery
Cardiac arrest
Massive pulmonary embolus- air, thrombus

Sampling error 
    Inadequate TVol
    Line occlusion- water, obstruction 
    Air entrainment
    Large sampling dead-space

Question 2

What increases end-tidal CO2?

Answer 2

Decreased alveolar ventilation
Reduced RR
Reduced tidal volume
Increased equipment dead-space

Increased CO2 production
Fever
Hypermetabolic state- MH, thyrotoxicosis

Increased inspiratory CO2
Rebreathing
Exhausted soda-lime
External source of CO2 (CO2 cylinder on?)