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Pharmacology - Midterm #2 > Anaesthesia & Analgesia > Flashcards

Anaesthesia & Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

Inhaled Drugs

A

NO (laughing gas)

Sevoflurane (general surgery)

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2
Q

Injected Drugs

A

Propofol (most common)
Ketamine
Benzodiazepines

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3
Q

Ketamine (Mechanism of Action)

A

Blocks pore of NMDA receptor (decreases glutamate binding)
Dec Na+ & Ca2+ conductance
Less EPSPs generated

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4
Q

Propofol/Sevoflurane (Mechanism of Action)

A 
Binds other subunits of GABAa receptor
Facilitates GABA binding
Inc. Cl- conductance
Inc. Hyperpolarization
Inc. IPSPs (dec. AP gen)
Similar to Barbiturates (inc length of channel opening-not frequency)
***MODULATORS***
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5
Q

Adverse Effects of Opioids

A

Central

  • cough suppression
  • respiratory depression
  • nausea + vomiting
  • pupil constriction

Peripheral

  • constipation
  • hypotension
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6
Q

Strong Agonist(s) of Opioid Receptors?

A

FMM
Fentanyl
Morphine
Methadone - Tx. for opioid addiction

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7
Q

Weak-Mod Agonist(s) of Opioid Receptors?

A

Codeine

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8
Q

Partial Agonist(s) of Opioid Receptors?

A

Tramadol

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9
Q

Competitive Antagonist(s) of Opioid Receptors?

A

Naloxene

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10
Q

Codeine

A

Mild to mod pain relief
Poor analgesic - often combined with other analgesics (Tylenol 3)
Pro-drug - Metabolized by CYP 2D6 (30%) into morphine

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11
Q

What opioids are prescribed during surgery or post-op?

A

Morphine & Fentanyl

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12
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

20 carbon unsaturated FAs
Made in all tissues
Act locally
Mediator that activates pain receptor

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13
Q

Acetysalicyclic Acid (ASA)

A

Aspirin
IRREVERSIBLY inhibits COX enzymes (covalently modifies receptor)
Must make new COX enzymes to recover function

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14
Q

Ibuprofen/Naproxen

A

REVERSIBLY inhibit COX enzymes

Don’t need to make new enzymes to recover function

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15
Q

Major side effect of prostaglandins?

A

Gastric ulcers
Depletion of GI mucosa
Also decrease platelet aggregation (used as a blood thinner)

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16
Q

Is acetaminophen an NSAID?

A

No, it lacks anti-inflammatory function

17
Q

Why is acetaminophen used in people with kideny problems, as opposed to NSAIDs?

A

It lacks GI side effects (gastric ulcers + bleeding)

18
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Doesn’t inhibit peripheral COX enzymes

Non-toxic: P2 - sulfation/glucuronidation
Toxic: CYP2E1 -> NAPQI (damages liver)
Non-toxic: P2 -> glutathione

Pharmacology - Midterm #2 (9 decks)

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