Anaemias Flashcards
What are the causes of microcytic anaemia?
Iron-deficiency anemia, thalassemia, lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemia
T – Thalassaemia.
A – Anaemia of chronic disease.
I – Iron deficiency anaemia.
L – Lead poisoning.
S – Sideroblastic anaemia.
What is thalassaemia?
halassemias are a group of inherited blood disorders that result in faulty haemoglobin synthesis which can lead to fewer healthy red blood cells.
What is sideroblastic anaemia?
Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by impaired iron utilization during erythropoiesis, leading to ring sideroblasts in the bone marrow.
Sideroblastic anemia, or sideroachrestic anemia, is a form of anemia in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells.
Sideroblastic anaemia blood film?
Thalassemia vs iron deficiency anaemia blood film?
Thalassemia Blood Film:
Microcytosis: Red blood cells are smaller than normal.
Hypochromia: Red blood cells appear pale, with a larger area of central pallor.
Anisocytosis and Poikilocytosis: Variation in red blood cell size and shape is common.
Target Cells: These are red blood cells with a bullseye appearance.
Other Findings: Heinz bodies (intracellular hemoglobin precipitates) and nucleated red blood cells (erythroblasts) may be seen in certain types of thalassemia.
RBC count: Often higher than expected for the hemoglobin level.
Iron Deficiency Anemia Blood Film:
Microcytosis: Red blood cells are smaller than normal.
Hypochromia: Red blood cells appear pale, with a larger area of central pallor.
Anisocytosis and Poikilocytosis: Variation in red blood cell size and shape is common.
Elliptocytes: Oval-shaped red blood cells may be present.
RBC count: Usually lower than normal.
Other Findings: Pre-keratocytes and keratocytes (bite cells) may be seen in some cases.
What are the causes of normocytic anaemia?
Acute blood loss
Hemolytic anaemia
aplastic anaemia
Renal disease
Malaria
Sickle cell
A – Acute blood loss
A – Anaemia of chronic disease
A – Aplastic anaemia
H – Haemolytic anaemia
H – Hypothyroidism
What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia megalobastic?
B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
macrocytic anaemia megalobastic vs non megaloblastic?
Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia:
Cause: Impaired DNA synthesis, typically due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, leading to abnormal red blood cell development.
Characteristics: Hypersegmented neutrophils (more than 5 lobes) on blood smear, and large, oval red blood cells (macro-ovalocytes).
Examples: Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency), folate deficiency.
Non-Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia:
Cause:
Various factors other than impaired DNA synthesis, including alcoholism, liver disease, hypothyroidism, myelodysplastic syndrome, certain medications, and increased red cell turnover.
Characteristics:
Macrocytosis without the characteristic features of megaloblastic anemia (e.g., hypersegmented neutrophils, macro-ovalocytes).
Examples:
Alcoholism, liver disease, hypothyroidism, myelodysplastic syndrome, hemolytic anemia, and certain medication
What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia non megalobastic?
Liver disease alcoholism
Alcohol
Reticulocytosis (usually from haemolytic anaemia or blood loss)
Hypothyroidism
Liver disease
Drugs, such as azathioprine
What is Aplastic anemia?
Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells.
causes of low white cell count?
Viral infection, sepsis medications, bone marrow failure, autoimmune disease
Causes of low platelets?
increased consumption, hepatic failure, bone marrow failure, medications, auto immune disease
causes of leukocytosis?
leukaemia, infection, inflammation, post surgery, stress response steroids
causes of monocytosis?
inflammation, infection
causes of eosinophilia?
malignancy, allergy’‘atopy, autoimmune disease, asthma, certain antibiotics
