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Haematology > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the haemoglobin ranges for men and women?

A

Women
120 - 165 grams/litre

Men
130 - 180 grams/litre

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2
Q

What mnemonic is used for microcytic anaemia causes?

A

TAILS

Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Iron deficiency anaemia
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic anaemia

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3
Q

What is a common cause anaemia of chronic disease?

A

Chronic kidney disease
Reduced EPO production which is needed to stimulate RBCs

Treat with EPO

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4
Q

What are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

Acute blood loss
Anaemia of chronic disease
Aplastic anaemia

Haemolytic anaemia
Hypothyroidism

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5
Q

What are the two categories of macrocytic anaemia?

A

Megaloblastic
Normoblastic

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6
Q

What are the causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia?

A

B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency

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7
Q

What are the causes of normoblastic macrocytic anaemia?

A

Alcohol
Reticulocytosis (due to haemolytic anaemia or blood loss)
Hypothyroidism
Liver disease
Drugs e.g. azathioprine

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of anaemia?

A

Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Headaches
Dizziness
Palpitations
Worsening of other conditions

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9
Q

What symptoms are specific to iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Pica e.g. ice
Hair loss

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10
Q

What are some generic signs of anaemia?

A

Pallor
Conjunctival pallor
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea

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11
Q

What are the specific signs of iron deficiency anaemia?

A
  • Koilonychia (spoon-shaped)
  • Angular cheilitis
  • Atrophic glossitis (due to atrophy of the papillae)
  • Brittle hair and nails
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12
Q

What can indicate haemolytic anaemia?

A

Jaundice

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13
Q

What can indicate thalassaemias?

A

Bone deformity

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14
Q

What signs indicate chronic kidney disease?

A

Excoriations
Oedema
Hypertension

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15
Q

What blood tests are used for investigating anaemia?

A

Depends on suspected cause

  • FBC, for Hb and MCV
  • Reticulocytes count
  • Blood film
  • Ferritin
  • B12 and folate

Suspected CKD
- Renal profile

Pernicious anaemia
- Intrinsic factor

Hypothyroidism
- TFTs

Coelaic disease
- Anti-TTG
- Anti-EMA

Myeloma screening
- Serum protein electrophoresis
- Hb electrophoresis for thalassaemia and sickle cell disease

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
- Direct Coombs test

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16
Q

When is an OGD indicated?

A

Unexplained iron deficiency anaemia to exclude GI cancer as a source of bleeding

17
Q

When is a bone marrow biopsy indicated?

A

Unexplained anaemia or possible malignancy e.g. leukaemia or myeloma

Haematology (18 decks)

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