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CP1080 > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MAIN basis for a diagnosis of anaemia

A

A reduction in haemoglobin

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2
Q

What are 3 essential vitamins/minerals needed for erythropoiesis?

A

Folate, vitamin B12, iron

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3
Q

A man over 50 has anaemia. What is your number one cause for concern?

A

He may have bowel cancer

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4
Q

The MCV on the blood film is lower than average. What term is used to describe the red blood cells?

A

Microcytic

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5
Q

What is the main cause for microcytic RBC?

A

Iron deficiency

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6
Q

The MCV on the blood film is higher than normal. What term is used to describe these RBC?

A

Macrocytic

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7
Q

What is the main cause of macrocytic cells?

A

B12/Folate deficiency

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8
Q

What is the term used to describe a normal MCV of a blood film?

A

Normocytic

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9
Q

What do normocytic RBC tell you about the cause of the anaemia?

A

It is more than likely not caused by a vitamin/ mineral deficiency

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10
Q

What does it mean if the blood film says RBC are normochromic?

A

The RBC are normal colour.

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11
Q

What does it tell you about the RBC is they are hypochromic?

A

There isn’t a lot of colour to them

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12
Q

What does it indicate if RBC are hypochromic?

A

There is probably an iron deficiency

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13
Q

What is the serum ferritin on the blood film?

A

A measure of the iron stored in the liver. Although it is measured from the blood

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14
Q

What is transferrin?

A

Protein which Transport iron around the body

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15
Q

What does a low transferrin saturation indicate?

A

Iron deficiency

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16
Q

What could it indicate if blast cells are present in the blood?

A

A leukaemia.

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17
Q

Why are blast cells often present in the blood in patients with leukaemia?

A

Stem cells are producing too many white blood cells and they do not have time to mature properly.

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18
Q

In patients with leukaemia, will RBC and PLT counts be normal?

A

No. They will be low

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19
Q

What test could you use to diagnose leukaemia ?

A

Take a bone marrow sample

20
Q

Why do people with leukaemia bruise easily?

A

Low platelet count

21
Q

What is the PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of pernicious anaemia?

A
  • The immune system attacks cells that make a protein called intrinsic factor
  • intrinsic factor is needed to absorb B12
  • anaemia due to lack of B12
22
Q

Is pernicious anaemia an acquired disease?

A

No. It is autoimmune

23
Q

What treatment would you give to somebody with pernicious anaemia?

A

Vitamin B12 injections

24
Q

Why would someone with pernicious anaemia present with ions and needles in extremities?

A

Vitamin B12 is needed to make the myelin sheath in the PNS

25
Q

What is the cause of haemolytic anaemia?

A

RBC are destroyed faster than they are Made

26
Q

What is anaemia ?

A

Concentration of HGB in the blood is too low

27
Q

What kind of anaemia would be suspected if RBCs were hypochromic ?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

28
Q

What can cause iron deficiency anaemia

A
  • bad diet
  • malabsorption due to coeliac disease/ gastrectomy
  • chronic blood loss e.g ulcers, cancer
  • menstruation
29
Q

What kind of drugs commonly cause ulcers in the GIT?

A

NSAIDs

30
Q

What does ferritin do?

A

Stores iron

31
Q

Why are B12 and folate necessary for dna synthesis

A

Needed to synthesis thymine

32
Q

Why are vegans susceptible to B12 deficiency?

A

B12 is only found in animal sources

33
Q

What can cause a deficiency in B12 ?

A
  • bad diet
  • pernicious anaemia
  • periods of rapid growth e.g children and pregnant women
34
Q

Reticulocyte count is low. What could this indicate?

A

Leukaemia

35
Q

What is aplastic anaemia

A

Body stops producing RBCs

36
Q

What are some causes of aplastic anaemia?

A
  • chemotherapy
  • exposure to toxic substances
  • infections eg parvovirus
  • chronic kidney disease ( no EPO )
37
Q

What is haemolysis ?

A

Premature destruction of RBCs

38
Q

What are some causes of haemolysis ?

A
  • haemoglobinopathies
  • red cell membrane abnormalities
39
Q

What causes hereditary spherocytosis

A

A deficiency in cell membrane protein spectrin

40
Q

Why does hereditary spherocytosis cause haemolysis ?

A

No spectrin
Reduction in surface area of cell membrane
Cells take on a spherical shape
Cells can’t squeeze through sinusoids in spleen
Cells are destroyed

41
Q

Reticulocyte count is increased? What could this indicate?

A

Haemolysis

42
Q

What is splenomelagy ?

A

Enlarged spleen

43
Q

What are the symptoms of hereditary spherocytosis

A

Anaemia
Splenoomelagy

44
Q

What causes sickle cell anaemia ?

A

Single base change in B subunit of HGB
GAG -> GTG
GLU -> VAL
In deoxyhaemoglobin Val6 interacts with Phe85 and Val88 on adjacent B subunits
This causes cells to take on a sickle shape

45
Q

Why does sickle cell anaemia flare up when tissues are hypoxic ?

A

In oxyhaemoglobin, Phe85 and Val88 are on the interior so val6 can’t interact with them

46
Q

What will the FBC of someone with sickle cell anaemia look like?

A
  • RBC and HGB down
  • everything else is normal
47
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell anaemia ?

A
  • pain in spleen (left abdomen)
  • pain and fever - sickle cell crisis
  • organ damage
  • severe infection

CP1080 (3 decks)

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