ANA LE 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main function of epithelial cells?
A
Lining of surface or body cavities; glandular cavities
2
Q
4 basic types of tissues
A
Epithelium, muscle, nervous and connective
3
Q
Functions of epithelium
A
Barrier & Protection
○ E.g. skin, oral mucosa
● Absorption
○ E.g. small intestine absorbs nutrients and water
● Secretion
○ E.g. digestive enzymes (intestinal epithelium), mucus (respiratory
epithelium)
● Lubrication
○ E.g. mesothelium (outermost covering of abdominal organs) secretes
small amount of tissue fluids
● Reproduction
○ E.g. linings of male and female reproductive tracts
● Transport
○ E.g. allows small molecules & ions to pass through the epithelium on either direction
4
Q
Characteristics of epithelial cells
A
● Avascular
● Exhibits polarity
● Presence of basement membrane or basal lamina
● Presence of junctional complexes or cell junctions
5
Q
Avascular
A
○ No blood vessels
○ Nutrients and oxygen are acquired via diffusion from its neighboring
blood vessels
6
Q
What are the 3 poles of epithelial cell?
A
○ Apical pole: opposite a space (usually a lumen)
○ Basal pole: domain in contact with ECM & connective tissue
○ Lateral surface: pole in contact with adjacent cells
7
Q
Functions of Basement Membrane
A
→ Filter (e.g. renal glomeruli)
→ Provide structural support for epithelial cells
→ Attach epithelium to underlying connective tissue
→Important in maintaining cellular functions (endocytosis, signal
transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, polarity, etc.)
→Epithelial repair and regeneration (e.g. stem cells); acts as the
scaffolding to rebuild on after injury
8
Q
2 Components of Basal Membrane
A
→ Basal lamina: Electron-dense, closest to the basal portion of the cell
→ Reticular lamina: More diffuse, fibrous
9
Q
What is the intermediate filament of epithelium?
A
Keratin
10
Q
Junctional complexes for cell-to-cell adhesions
A
Occluding/Tight Junctions - Zonula Occulens
Anchoring Junctions - Zonula Adherens
Communications / Gap Junctions or Nexus
11
Q
Cell-to-Cell Extracellular Matric Junctions
A
Hemidemosomes
12
Q
What is/are the transmembrane proteins involved in Zonula Occulens?
A
Claudin & Occludin
13
Q
What is/are the transmembrane proteins involved in Zonula Adherins?
A
Cadherin & Cadenin
14
Q
What is/are the transmembrane proteins involved in Demosomes?
A
Desmoglein & Desmocollin
15
Q
What is/are the transmembrane proteins involved in Gap Junctions/Nexus?
A
Connexin
16
Q
What is/are the transmembrane proteins involved in Hemidemosomes?
A
Integrins
17
Q
What is the purpose of Zonula Occulens and where is it found?
A
(Zonula: encircles the entire cell)
● Found at the most apical portion –> This would ensure that all molecules
enter or exit the cell via transcellular pathway (vs. paracellular pathway)
18
Q
Transcellular vs Intracellular
A
○ Transcellular: it will go into the cell
○ Paracellular: in between cells
19
Q
What is the purpose of Zonula Adherins and where is it found?
A
● Like a belt around the cell (it surrounds the cell)
● Immediately below tight junctions
● Anchors cells closely to neighboring cells
20
Q
What is cellular junction that is calcium requiring and what is the transmembrane that binds with the other cell?
A
Zonula Adherens and Cadherins
21
Q
What are the 2 Anchoring Junctions?
A
Zonula Adherens and Macula Adherens
22
Q
What is the purpose of Demosomes and where is it found?
A
○ Does not form a belt around the cell but rather it appears like a
“spot-weld”
○ Provides stability to cells especially those under shearing stress to keep
neighboring cells intact
23
Q
What is Pemphigus Vulgaris and what is the cellular junction associated with it?
A
Faulty desmosome function is correlated with various blistering skin
conditions
24
Q
What are the opening in gap junctions called and what are their functions?
A
Connexons
Allows small molecules and nutrients selectively between cells (<1.5
nanometers)
25
What are the function of Gap junctions and where can they be found?
● Allows cells to function as a unit or together
● Organs that need gap junctions:
○ Heart muscles - required to contract as a single unit (many gap junctions)
○ Abdominal/Visceral organs - requires to function rhythmically
26
What does a hemidemosome resemble?
Demosome
27
What are the function of Integrins?
→ Forms crosslinks
| → Reacts with laminin molecules (located at the basal lamina)
28
What is Epidermolysis Bullosa and what is the cellular junction associated with it?
Faulty hemidesmosomes -> blistering condition (Epidermolysis Bullosa)
→Rare condition which causes to have a blister even with minimal friction
29
What are the types of cell-to-cell extracellular matrix junctions and where are they located?
Hemidemosomes and focal adhesion
Located in the basal membrane
30
What is the purpose of focal adhesions and where is it found?
○ Resembles hemidesmosomes
○ More numerous and smaller
○ Anchors cells at its basal portion
31
What are the characteristics of cilia?
```
○ Long (longer and larger than microvilli)
○ Highly motile
○ Axoneme is the core protein structure
○ Uniform in height
○ Attached to apical part of the cell
```
32
What is the core protein structure of Cilia?
Axoneme
33
Does Cilia have a specific arrangement? What is it’s arrangement when a cross section is done in the middle and on the basal area?
● Arranged in a specific arrangement
If cross section is done through the middle portion:
○ Doublet: 2 microtubules
○ 9 + 2 assembly of microtubules:
→Centrally= PairedMicrotubules(2)
→ Peripherally = (9) Microtubule Doublets
➢ Called an Axoneme
● If cross section is done through the basal portion:
○ Structurally similar to centrioles
○ 9 + 0 assembly of microtubules
○ (9) microtubule triplets without axoneme
○ 0Triplets are linked together in a pin-wheel arrangement with NO central microtubule
34
What is the function of Cilia and where can it be found?
● Function: “To propel”
○ RespiratoryTract:
→ Sweep or move fluid, cells, particulate matter across cell surfaces
→ Rid air passages of particulate matter or mucus
○ Oviduct:
→ Moves egg cells and sperm cells along the passageway
○ Testes:
→ Move mature sperm into the epididymis
35
What are the type of cilia that are abundant in columnar and cuboidal cells in epithelia?
Motile Cilia
36
What are the types of Cilia?
Three types of cilia:
○ Motile cilia: Lines adult human body (e.g respiratory system)
○ Non-motile/primary: No 2 central doublets; lines sensory organs (e.g
Organ of Corti: Inner ear)
○ Nodal cilia: Found in developing embryo (surrounding the primitive node)
that helps in the proper orientation of developing cells during gastrulation
37
What are the characteristics of microvilli?
```
Characteristics:
○ Microscopic finger-like projections
○ Uniform in length
○ Shorter and smaller than cilia
○ Non motile
○ Core of thin actin microfilaments
→ The vertical actin microfilaments attached to actin microfilaments at the cytoplasm called “Terminal Webs”
○ Dirty looking appearance “Striated” (e.g Proximal Convolut
```
38
What is the intermediate filament of microvilli?
keratin
39
What is the vertical actin microfilaments attached to actin microfilaments at the cytoplasm called?
“Terminal Webs”
40
What is the function of microvilli and where can it be found?
Functions: Absorption; Increase surface area of the cell
○ Intestinal Lining
→ Increase surface area for absorption
→ Densely packed so they are visible as brush/striated border
○ Proximal convoluted tubule
→ Reabsorption of substances such as glucose and amino acids
41
What is another name for microvilli?
Striated border: Rigid similar in thickness, height, and width (seen in
intestines)
○ Brush border: Different height, width, and thickness (seen in PCT of
kidney)
42
What are the characteristics of stereocillia?
● Characteristics:
○ Non motile
○ Related to microvilli (both non motile), not cilia (motile) ○ Longer and more slender than microvilli
○ Distal portion is usually branched
43
What is the function and location of stereocillia?
● Function:
○ Concentrates contents of an organ of lumen
○ Facilitates absorption; increases surface area of cells ○ Inner ear sensory cells
● Location:
○ Epididymis: For absorbing fluid
○ Inner ear: Function as mechanoreceptors
44
What are the characteristics of flagella?
Characteristics:
○ Whip-like motile structures
○ Made up of microtubules; related to the sperm cells ○ Function: Motility
45
What are the characteristics , function, and location of simple squamous epithelium?
● Thin, single layer of flattened cells
○ Nucleus is also flattened
○ “Squama” = Latin word which means Scale; which resemble a fish scale
(flat) ● Function:
○ Peritoneal Cavity: Reduces friction between visceral organs by producing lubricating fluid & transport fluids
○ Cardiovascular system: Allows passive transport of fluids, nutrients, and metabolites across the thin capillary walls
○ Alveolar lining of lungs: Facilitates diffusion of gasses and small molecules; more efficient gas exchange
○ Cornea: Lining of the inner surface
○ Loop of Henle: Outer covering (thin loops) ● Typically specialized:
○ Lining of vessels and cavities where they regulate passage of substances into the underlying tissues
○ Can be called specific names depending on location:
→Mesothelium: Serous lining of of pericardium (heart), and peritoneal
cavities
→ Endothelium: Lining of blood vessels, capillaries and lymphatics → Function: Diffusion
46
Mesothelium
Mesothelium: Serous lining of of pericardium (heart), and peritoneal
cavities
47
Endothelium
→ Endothelium: Lining of blood vessels, capillaries and lymphatics
48
What are the characteristics , function, and location of simple cuboidal epithelium?
● One layer of cells that are as long as they are wide (cube/round)
● Greater thickness allows cytoplasm to be rich in mitochondria and other
organelles for a high level of transport across the epithelium
● Function:
○ Ovary: Lining and protection
○ Pancreatic Ducts: Transport
○ Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Absorption of filtered substances ○ Thyroid: Activate secretion of substances into the filtrate
○ They usually form ducts
● Locations:
○ Renal connecting tubules
○ Periphery of the thyroid follicle
○ Germinal epithelium (covering of ovary)
49
What are the characteristics , function, and location of simple columnar epithelium?
● One layer of cells that are taller than they are wide
● They usually have apical surface modifications: Cilia or Microvilli
● Columnar cells are specialized in absorption
● Seen in lining in stomach (no goblet cells), intestine (with goblet cells) and
gallbladder (digestive organs), renal collecting duct, oviducts (fallopian
tubes) and ductuli efferentes testis
● Can often be termed as “terminal bars”
● Functions:
○ Absorption ○ Protection ○ Lubrication ○ Secretion
50
What are the characteristics , function, and location of pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium?
● One layer of tall cells
● All the tall columnar cells rest on the basement membrane, but not all cells
are of the same height; creates illusion of stratification
● Stratified appearance is due to the nuclei of the cells placed in different
levels and not all cells extend to the free surface
● Functions:
○ Secretion
○ Protection
○ Cilia-mediated transport
● Locations:
○ Lining of the upper respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) ○ Lumina of the epididymis and vas deferens
51
What are the characteristics , function, and location of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NONKERATINIZED EPITHELIUM?
● Non-keratinized or Wet type
● Function: Protection
● Location: Areas subjected to constant friction
○ Esophagus ○ Oral Mucosa ○ Vagina
○ Cervix
○ Anal Canal ○ Cornea
● Multiple layers of cells, cuboidal at the base, polyhedral at the middle or columnar, and flattened cells at the top with no keratinization
52
What are the characteristics , function, and location of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM?
● DryType
● Thick skin (Palms and soles)
○ Stratum corneum is very thick ○ Topmost layer is flattened
○ More keratinized layers, dense
● Thin skin
○ With hair follicles
○ Stratum corneum is thinner
○ Lesser keratinization/Fewer cell layers
● Lack of nuclei in the topmost layer (Thin lamellae, dead skin cells)
● Function: Protection and prevention of water loss
● As the cells mature from the basal area, they go up the surface, lose their
organelles, and become keratinized
53
What are the characteristics , function, and location of STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM?
```
● ●
●
Not common
Multiple layers of cells that are tall as they are wide
Functions: ○ Protection
○ To produce secretions Location:
○ Ducts of sweat glands
○ Developing ovarian follicles ○ Large excretory ducts
```
54
What are the characteristics , function, and location of STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM?
● Quite rare ● Location:
○ Conjunctiva
○ Largest Ducts of Exocrine Glands ○ Anorectal Junction
55
What are the characteristics , function, and location of TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM?
```
● Found only in mammals
● Location: Urinary Passages
○ Bladder
○ Ureters
○ Renal Calyces
● If relaxed,
○ Have features that are intermediate between stratified cuboidal and
stratified squamous
○ Topmost layer: Dome-shaped
● If stretched,
○ Topmost layer will be flattened
● Has plaques
○ Serve as an osmotic barrier (Not uniform throughout) ○ Prohibit passage of water and salts
```
56
What are the types of glands based on path of release?
Endocrine, Paracrine and Exocrine glands
57
Where do Endocrine glands originate and what are their products of secretion?
○ Originates from epithelial cells that lost connection to surface
epithelium and ducts
○ Products of secretion → target organ via the bloodstream
○ Example: Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Pancreas
58
Where do Paracrine glands originate and what are their products of secretion?
○ Products → target surrounding cells
○ Example: Cells of the pancreas when it release somatostatin that target
other pancreatic cells; growth hormone producing cells during early development
59
Where do Exocrine glands originate and what are their products of secretion?
○ Originates from the epithelial cells that maintained connection to
surface epithelium
○ Products → target organ via the ducts
○ Example: Sweat Gland, Salivary Gland, Pancreas
60
Unicellular vs multicellular glands. Which one is the most common one?
● Unicellular Glands
○ Glands composed of a single cell (e.g. Goblet cells in large intestine)
○ Flask-shaped and nucleus is found in the narrow basal part of the cell;
apical part has mucin filled vesicles
Multicellular glands
○ The most common type of gland; composed of multiple cells
61
Serous vs mucous glands
● Serous Glands
○ Secretory portion are composed of serous cells
○ Serous cells form spherical mass of cells with a lumen in the center
called acini that produces serous fluid
○ Secretions are thin and aqueous and contain enzymes
○ Description: pyramidal with a broad base, rounded nucleus, granular and
basophilic cytoplasm due to apical portion containing secretory vesicles and basal portion containing rough endoplasmic reticulum
● Mucous Glands
○ Secretory portion are composed of mucous cells
○ Mucous cells form tubules that produces mucin or mucous
○ Secretions are viscous and made up of mucin and water
○ Description: cuboidal or columnar, its nuclei is flattened towards the
base, sometimes nuclei appear elongated due to mucous accumulation
pressing it towards the base
○ Is lightly stained due to mucous getting dissolved in alcohol
62
What surrounds the serous and mucous cells - and initial portions of the ducts, and helps propel the secretion to the exterior via the intercalated duct?
Myoepithelial cells
63
What is the initial duct, what is it made of and where are the secretions of this brought to?
Intercalated duct which is made of simple cuboidal epithelium and its secretion is brought to the striated ducts
64
The large presence of striations at the basal layer of the cell brought about the infoldings of the plasma membrane, together with the elongated mitochondria, interspersed between the infolded membrane
Striated Duct
65
Serous and mucous secretions brought to the exterior via the ___ will be then led to the ___. from there, the products of the gland are now brought to the ___, then to the ___ (ducts in between the lobes).
Intercalated duct, striated duct, intralobular duct, interlobular duct
66
Types of glands and their difference
Simple Glands (do not branch; 1 duct + secretory portion/s) and Compound Glands (several branched secretory portions)
67
What are simple tubular glands?
elongated secretory portion; ducts are short/absent
mucus glands (colon and intestinal glands)
68
What are branched tubular ducts?
several long secretory portions
glands in the uterus and stomach
69
What are simple coiled tubular glandsWhat are simple coiled tubular glands
long coiled secretory potions
sweat glands
70
What are simple acinar (alveolar) glands?
rounded, sac-like secretory portions
| small mucous glands (urethra)
71
What are simple branched acinar glands
multiple sac-like secretory portions
sebbaceous glands
72
What are compound tubular glands?
several elongated, coiled secretory portions - ducts converging into a larger duct
submucosal brunner glands (duodenum)
73
What are compound acinar glands?
Several sac-like secretory portions - small ducts converging into a larger duct
exocrine pancreas
74
What are compound tubulacinar glands?
a combination of tubular and acinar secretory portions converging into a larger duct
salivary glands
75
What are the types of glands based on the mechanism of product release?
Merocrine (Eccrine) gland, Holocrine gland, and Apocrine gland
76
Merocrine (Eccrine) vs Holocrine vs Apocrine gland. Which is the most common one?
● Merocrine (Eccrine) gland
○ The most common type of glands (based on gland-cell participation)
○ Secretions are released or brought to the duct via exocytosis (through
the secretory vesicles)
○ E.g., salivary glands
```
Holocrine gland
○ Undergoes apoptosis (i.e. cell death)
○ Secretory portions become part of the secretion (sacrificed and formed
part of the secretion)
○ E.g., sebaceous glands
```
Apocrine gland
○ Part of the apical surface of the cell is pinched or released with the
secretion of the gland
○ E.g., Mammary gland
77
Cells renew continuously via
Mitosis and stem cell populations
78
Rate of renewal of small intestine and epidermis
4 days intestine
| 28 days epidermis
79
1. Which of the following cellular features is used in naming types of
epithelia?
a) Shape of cells in the basal layer
b) Number of cell layers
c) Presence of a basal lamina
d) Size of the nuclei
e) Nature of the cell junctions that are present
B
80
2. Exocrine glands in which the acini all produce a secretion of heavily glycosylated, hydrophilic proteins are an example of which type of gland? a) Serous gland
b) Mixed gland
c) Mucous gland
d) Tubuloacinar gland e) Simple gland
D
81
3. Which of the following is found during meiosis but not mitosis?
a) Chromatids
b) Polar microtubules
c) Metaphase
d) Synapsis
e) Cytokinesis
D
82
4. A mixed salivary gland is classified morphologically as a compound tubuloacinar gland.
a) True
b) False
A
83
5. Cilia are long, motile, structures with a core of 9 microtubule triplets arranged around a pair of microtubules.
a) True
b) False
B
84
Refer to the glands and epithelium lecture trans for the pictures
6) Cilia - blue arrow; Basement membrane - yellow arrow. Note: not Basal lamina since one can only see it using an electron microscope
7) Both are simple squamous epithelium (blue and black arrow)
8) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
9) Transitional epithelium (relaxed; but no need to mention)
10) Stratified squamous epithelium non keratinizing/wet type
11) Stratified squamous epithelium keratinized/dry type (Thin skin)
12) Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli/brush border/striated border
85
What is the function of peroxisome?
Detoxify specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taken into the cell, engage in beta oxidation of fatty acid from Acetyl CoA
86
Basic structural and functional unit of the human body
Cell
87
Study of cells
Cytology
88
Study of tissues
Histology
89
Study of Organs
Organology
90
What parts of the cell can be seen via Light Microscope?
Cytoplasm, Nucleus and Nucleolus
91
What parts of the cell can be seen via Electron Microscope?
Cell membrane, Centriole, Chromatin, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, endoplasmic reticulum
92
What should be observed when examining a cell?
Shape and size of cell. shape and size of nucleus, if nucleolus is present
93
1. Which of the following is an intermediate filament protein found in cytoplasm of most filament cells?
a. Actin
b. Vimentin
c. Myosin
d. Laminin
e. Keratin
E
94
4. Which of the following types of epithelium withstands the hypertonic effect of fluids?
a. Simple Cuboidal
b. Simple Squamous
c. Stratified Columnar
d. Transitional
D
95
11. Functions of the basement membrane include which of the following?
a. Contractility
b. Molecular filtering
c. Active ion transport
d. Excitability
e. Modification of secreted proteins
B
96
11. Functions of the basement membrane include which of the following?
a. Contractility
b. Molecular filtering
c. Active ion transport
d. Excitability
e. Modification of secreted proteins
B
97
12. The release of lipid droplets from cells is which type of secretion?
a. Merocrine
b. Serous
c. Apocrine
d. Mucous
e. Holocrine
C
98
13. TRUE or FALSE? The basal lamina is a thin sheet of macromolecules that can be appreciated using light microscopy.
False
99
14. TRUE or FALSE? The zonula adherens are disc-shaped cell junctions that provide stability to cells subject to shearing and stresses.
False
100
15. TRUE or FALSE? Microvilli are long, motile, structures with a core of uniformly arranged microtubules.
False
101
Supine
Recumbent, lying on the back facing upwards
102
Prone
Lying on the abdomen, facing downwards
103
How would you describe the common anatomical position visual reference?
Standing upright, head, gaze and toes facing anteriorly
Lower limbs close together with feet parallel to one another (Spread as wide as the shoulder)
Upper limbs are held out to the sides
104
Saggital plane
Divides the body longitudinally into left and right sides
105
Median Saggital Plane
going through the midline of the body dividing left and right sides equally
106
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
divides the body vertically into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
107
Transverse (horizontal or axial) plane
divides body into superior (upper) and Inferior (lower) parts
108
Longitudinal sections
Lengthwise cuts along the long axis of the body
109
Transverse/cross section
cuts that form right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body
110
Oblique Sections
Do not follow the longitudinal or transverse planes
111
Anterior (Ventral) and Posterior (Dorsal)
Nearer the front
| Nearer the back
112
Superior (cranial) and Inferior (caudal)
Upward nearer the head
| Downward nearer the foot
113
Medial and Lateral
Toward the midline/median plane
farther from the midline/median plane
114
Superficial, Intermediate and Deep
Closer or towards the surface
Between a superficial and deep structure
Farther from the surface
115
Internal and External
Inside closer to the center of an organ or cavity
| Outside farther to the center of an organ or cavity
116
Unilateral and Bilateral
One side of the body
| Both sides of the body
117
Ipsilateral and Contralateral
Same side and opposite sides of the body
118
Palmar and Dorsum
anterior (Palm) and posterior of hand
119
Lateral/Radial and Medial/Ulnar
Where the thumb is and also the radius
| Where the pinky is and also Ulna
120
Dorsum and Plantar
Superior and Inferior aspect of foot
121
Lateral/ Fibular and Medial/ Tibial
Small toe side where fibula is
| Big toe side where tibia is
122
Flexion-Extension
Flexion - bending or decreasing the angle between bones or body parts
123
Abduction-Adduction & Circumduction
Abduction - moving away from median line
Adduction moving towards median line
Circumduction - circular motion that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension and adduction
124
Internal/Medial Rotation and External /Lateral Rotation
Internal/medial rotation - bring the anterior part of the limb closer to the median plane
External/Lateral Rotation - Bring the anterior part of the limb away from medial plane
125
Eversion and Inversion
Happens at ankle joint
Eversion- rotation of a dorsiflexed foot lateral; sole moves away from median plane
Inversion - Rotation of a plantarflexed foot medially plane
126
Opposition- Reposition
Opposition - Pad of the thumb is brought to the pad of other fingers
Reposition - Returning the thumb to its original anatomical position after opposition
127
Protrusion and Retrusion
e.g. jaw
Protrusion - moving anteriorly
Retrusion - moving posteriorly
128
Protraction and Retraction
e.g. eating ice cream with tongue
Protraction - anterolateral movement (e.g. reaching out)
Retraction - Postereomedial movement (Picking something up)
129
Elevation and Depression
Elevation - raises a body part superiorly
| Depression - Lowers a body part inferiorly
130
What are parts of the axial skeleton (Central Supporting Axis)?
80 bones
Skull (Cranial bones and facial bones), Associated bones (Auditory Ossicles and hyoid bone), Vertebral Column (Cervical Vertebrae, Thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and Coccyx), Thoracic cage (Sternum and Ribs)
131
What are parts of the Appendicular Skeleton (bones of extremities)?
Pectoral Girdles, pelvic girdles, upper extremity/upper limb, lower extremities/lower limb
132
Bone that is taller than wide (give example)
Long (humerus, Femur and phalanges)
133
As tall as they are wide "cube shaped". (give example)
Short (Tarsus and Carpus)
134
Bone that usually serves a protective function; for muscle attachment (give example)
Flat (sternum, ribs, bones of the skull)
135
Various shaped; protect organs or attach tendons (give example)
Irregular (Segments of the Vertebral Column)
136
Grows with a tendon, where they rub over bony surfaces
Sesamoid (Pisiform and Patella (knee cap))
137
Small round articular head
Capitulum
138
Smooth, rounded knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs
Condyle
139
Smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
Facet
140
Large round articular head
Head
141
Narrow connection between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis
Neck
142
Spool-like articular process (Process that acts like a pulley)
Trochlea
143
Tubular passage or tunnel in a bone (Opening or depression)
Canal (Opening)
144
Slit though a bone (Opening or depression)
Fissure (opening)
145
Passage through a bone (Opening or depression)
Foramen (Openings)
146
Opening into a canal (Opening or depression)
Meatus Depression
147
Air-filled space in a bone (Opening or Depression)
Sinus (depression)
148
Hollow or depression area (Opening or depression)
Fossa (Depression)
149
Elongated depression or furrow (Opening or depression)
Groove (Depression)
150
Narrow groove (Opening or depression)
Suculus (Depression)
151
Narrow groove
Suculus (Depression)
152
Narrow ridge or bone
Crest
153
Eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
Epicondyle
154
Linear elevation; slightly elongated elevation or ridge
Line
155
Rounded process indentation at the edge of a bone process an extension/projection serving a particular purpose
Notch
156
Rounded process
Malleolus
157
Any bone eminence
Process
158
Part of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure
Ramus
159
Slender, pointed, thorn-like process
Spine
160
Projecting spine-like part
Spinous Process
161
Large blunt elevation for muscle attachment
Trochanter
162
Small, raised eminence for muscle attachment
Tubercle
163
Large, rounded elevation
Tuberosity
164
Unions or junctions between 2 or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton
Articulations
165
What are the classification of joints?
Fibrous, cartiliginous and synovial joints
166
What are the types of fibrous joints?
Sutures, syndesmosis and gomphoses
167
Suture lines of the skull, short fibers of connective tissues
Sutures
168
Unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue; the movement varies with the length iod the fiber
Syndesmosis
169
"Peg in socket" joints which occur in between teeth and their sockets
Gomphoses
170
What is the fibrous connection present with the teeth and their sicket?
Peridontal Ligament
171
What are the types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary/synchondrosis/hyaline and Secondary/Symphysis/Fibrocarilage joints
172
Temporary connections that is converted into bone after development
Primary/synchondrosis/hyaline joint
173
Disc shaped connections
Secondary/Symphysis/Fibrocartillage
174
What are the types of synovial joints?
Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid (Ellipsodal), saddle, and ball and socket
175
"Gliding joints" for sliding and gliding movements
Plane Joint
176
Flex and extend only (Uniaxial)
Hinge Joint
177
Allows rotational movement; uniaxial
Pivot joints
178
Flex and extend, abduct and adduct; biaxial
Condyloid (Ellipsodial) Joint
179
Flex and extend, abduct and adduct, circumduction; biaxial
Same with Condyloid but with greater range of motion
Saddle
180
Rotate, circumduction, flex, extend, abduct, adduct multiaxial (Greatest range of motion)
Ball and Socket
181
Muscle that surround a body opening/orifice; constricted
Circular muscle
182
Wide based other end of the muscle converges to a singular tendon
Triangular/convergent muscle
183
Muscle with parallel fibers often with an aponeurosis
Flat/Parallel muscle
184
Spindle shaped muscle with wide belly and presence of tendons on both ends
Fusiform muscles
most limb muscles are this shape
185
more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly
Multiheaded/multibellied
186
Feather-like in the arrangement of their fascicles
Pennate
187
Four equal sides of the muscle
Quadrate
188
Maintained muscle contraction without relaxation
Tonic muscle contraction
189
Brief periods of contraction in response to a stimulus
Phasic Muscle Contractions
| e.g. Stomach
190
An involuntary skeletal muscle contraction in response to a stimulus
Muscle Reflex
191
Muscle attachment proximal to the end of the muscle which remains fixed during contraction
Origin
192
Usually the distal end of the muscle; movable
Insertion
193
Attaches the muscle to the bone; mainly an organized bundle of collagen
Tendon
194
Flat sheets that anchor the muscle to the skeleton and/or deep fascia , or to the same part of another muscle
Apneurosis
195
What are the functions of muscles?
Prime mover (Agonist), Fixator, synergist (compplements), atagonist
196
How do we name muscles?
Direction of mucle fibers, relative size, location, number of origins, location of origin and insertion, shape, andaction of muscle
197
In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands face?
a. Anteriorly
b. Posteriorly
c. Laterally
A
198
The axial skeleton ___
a. Includes all bones of the trunk and limbs
b. Forms the vertical axis of the body
c. Consist of 126 bones
d. Includes only the bones of the lower limbs
B
199
A circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction?
a. Circumflexion
b. Circumduction
c. Circumvolution
B
200
This type of joint connect bones with collagen fibers
a. Hyaline
b. Cartilaginous
c. Fibrous
d. Fibrocartilage
B
201
Only part of the appendicular skeleton that attaches as a joint to the axial skeleton
Sternoclavicular joint
202
What type of bone marking is a prominent rounded large area found at the humerus?
a. Head
b. Epicondyle
c. Trochanter
C
203
Only part of the appendicular skeleton that attaches as a joint to the axial skeleton
Sternoclavicular joint
204
This joint is a saddle type but functions as a ball-socket joint
Sternoclavicular joint
205
Clavicle + Scapula
Pectoral Girdle
206
connects the sternum and medial head of clavicle
Sternoclavicular joint
207
Cancellous bones (porous)
Short bones
208
What are the parts of the shoulder?
Clavicle and scapula
209
A long bone that connects the upper limb to the trunk
Clavicle
210
Flat triangular bone that lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax; overlies 2nd and 7th ribs
Scapula
211
Connects shoulder and elbow
Humerus
212
Humerus articulates with
scapula and glenohumeral joint
213
What passes through the ulnar tunnel/tunnel of guyon
Ulnar nerve and arteries
214
What are the parts of the carpals?
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cant Handle
Scaphoid, Lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
215
What distinguishes the 3rd metacarpal?
a lateral styloid
216
What are the parts of the phalanges?
Proximal, middles and distal phalanx
217
fibrous, gliding joint but functions as a ball and socket joint. It is the bone to bone attachment between the upper limbs and the axial skeleton
Sternoclavicular joint
218
The joint between the shoulder and humerus
Glenohumeral joint
219
What is the part od the glenohumeral joint that gets easily dislocated?
Inferior part of the capsule
220
between acromion if he scapula and clavicle; plane joint
acromioclavicular joint
221
Hinge joint of the arm and forearm
Humeroradial and humeroulnar joints
222
Pivot joint in between ulna and radius which allows for supination and pronation
Proximal radioulnar joint
223
What kind of joint are these joints: Distal radioulnar joint, radiocarpal joint, and midcarpal joint
Pivot joint, condyloid joint and saddle joint
224
What kind of joint are these joints: carpometacarpal joint, intercarpal joint, intermetacarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints
saddle joint, plane joint, plane joint, condyloid joint and hinge joint
225
What are the functions of the fascia?
wrapping, packing and insulating materials of deeper structures, protect tissues underneath, inhibit spread of disease
226
What composes of the superficial fascia?
connective tissues and adipose tissues
227
What are the layers of superficial fascia?
Camper's fascia - fatty layer
| Scarpa's fascia - membranous fascia
228
What is the membrane found in between the radius and ulna?
Interosseous membrane
229
What is the shape of the pectorialis major and what is it's action?
Triangle, adducts and medially rotates the humerus
draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
It's clavicular head flexes the humerus and it's sternocostal head extends humerus from flexed position
230
What is the shape of the pectorialis minor and what is it's action?
triangle/convergent, it stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall
231
What is the shape of the subclavious and what is it's action?
round (?), anchors and depresses clavicle
232
What is the shape of the serratus anterior and what is it's action?
multipennate, protracts scapula and holds against the thoracic wall; rotates scapula
**It is also called the boxers muscle and it is the only muscle that attaches to the middle portion of the scapula
233
What happend if the long thoracic nerve gets damaged?
The serratus anterior will fail to stabilize scapula
234
What is the shape of the trapezius and what is it's action?
Triangle, stabilizes the scapula in junction to the serratus anterior
Descending fibers elevates scapula,
ascending fibers depressed scapula
middle fibers retract the scapula
235
What is the shape of the latissimus dorsi and what is it's action?
convergent muscle, the extends and adducts and medially rotates humerus
It also raises body towards arms during climbing
236
What is the shape of the levator scapulae and what is it's action?
?, elevated scapula and tilts the glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
237
What is the shape of the rhomboid and what is it's action?
Flat, retract scapula and rotate it to depress glenoid cavity
Fixes scapula to the thoracic wall
238
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
SITS
Subscapularis, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Supraspinatus
239
What is the shape of the Deltoid, what are its parts and what are the actions associuated with them?
Unipennate,
Clavicular: flexes and medially flexes arm
Acromial: abducts arm
Spinal: extends and laterally rotates arm
240
What is the shape of the Teres major and what is it's action?
?, Adducts and medially rotates arm
241
All muscles in the rotator cuff are rotators of the humerus except?
Supraspinatus
242
What is the shape of the supraspinatus and what is it's action?
initiates and assists deltoid in abduction of arm
243
What is the shape of the Infraspinatus and what is it's action?
powerful lateral rotator of the arm
244
What is the shape of the Teres Minor and what is it's action?
Laterally rotates arm
245
What is the shape of the subcapularis and what is it's action?
thick triangular muscle, medial rotator of the humerus
246
What vein is found in the deltopectoral grove?
Cephalic vein
247
What covers the pectoralis minor and the subclavious muscle?
Clavipectoral fascia
248
What important structures does the clavipectoral fascia give way to?
Cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery and lateral pectoral nerve
249
What spacie is found inferior to the glenohumeral joint and superior to the axillary fascia?
Pyramidal space
250
What fills the pyramidal space and what are its functions?
loose connective tissues and adipose tissue
devoid of any structures so it allows blood flow to and from distal part
It adds cushion to important structures
251
What are the 3 subfascial spaces?
Quadrangular, Upper triangle and lower triangle spaces
252
What is anterior, inferior, lateral, and medial to the quadrangualr space and what are its contents?
Superior: Teres minor
Inferior: Teres Major
Lateral: Humerus
Medial: Long head of the triceps brachii
Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
253
What is anterior, inferior, and lateral to the upper triangular space and what are its contents?
Superior: Teres minor
Inferior: Teres Major
Lateral: Long head of brachii
circumflex scapular artery
254
What is anterior, inferior, and lateral to the lower triangular space and what are its contents?
Superior: Teres major
Inferior: Teres Major
Lateral: Long head of the triceps brachii
Medial: Shaft of Humerus
Radial nerve, Profunda brachii/deep brachial artery
