ANA 204 Heart and Genital Organs

Question 1

Describe Macrovasculature

Answer 1

vessels that are more than 0.1 mm in diameter (large arterioles, muscular and elastic arteries, and muscular veins). These vessels are seen grossly.

Question 2

Describe Microvasculature

Answer 2

(arterioles, capillaries and postcapillary venules) These vessels are visible only with a microscope .

Question 3

Function of microvasculature

Answer 3

the site of interchanges between blood and the surrounding tissues both under normal conditions and during inflammatory processes

Question 4

Functions of BVS

Answer 4

transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues, carries carbon dioxide and waste products from the tissues,
•circulates hormones from the site of synthesis to their target cells.

Question 5

Describe the heart

Answer 5

The heart is a muscular, highly specialized portion of the vascular system.
•it consists of 4 chambers:
•Right and Left Ventricle (RT&LT ventricles)
• Right and Left atria (RT&LT atria)
•The right and left ventricles pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body respectively;
•right and left atria receive blood from the body and the pulmonary veins respectively.

Question 6

Layers of the heart chambers

Answer 6

The internal endocardium
•The middle myocardium
•The external epicardium.

Question 7

Describe the endocardium

Answer 7

•The Endocardium lines the lumen of the heart and is composed of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and a thin layer of loose connective tissue.

Question 8

Describe the subendocardium

Answer 8

•Subendocardium :a connective tissue layer that contains veins, nerves, and Purkinje fibers, underlies it.

Question 9

Describe the myocardium

Answer 9

The myocardium is the thickest of the tunics and consists of cardiac muscle cells arranged in layers that surround the heart chambers in a complex spiral.
Note: The myocardium is much thicker in the ventricles than in the atria.

Question 10

Describe the epicardium

Answer 10

Epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart, constitutes the visceral layer of the pericardium.
•It is composed of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on the external surface.

the epicardium is the site of the coronary vessels and contains considerable adipose tissue.

Question 11

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Answer 11

•consists of thick bundles of collagen fibers oriented in various directions.
•It also contains occasional foci of fibrocartilage.
•It is the fibrous central region of the heart.

Question 12

Function of fibrous skeleton

Answer 12

It serves as
•base of the valves.
•site of origin and insertion of cardiac muscle cells.
•Histologically, it is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, with separated nodules of fibrocartilage

Question 13

What are the heart valves?

Answer 13

•Atrioventricular Valves
•Semilunar Valves

Question 14

Describe the atrioventricular valve

Answer 14

Atrioventricular (AV) valves are composed of a skeleton of fibrous connective tissue arranged like an aponeurosis and lined on
both sides by endothelium.
• They are attached to the annuli fibrosi of the fibrous skeleton.
• The right AV valve is formed of three interlocking cusps (tricuspid valve) whereas the left AV valve is formed of two interlocking cusps (bicuspid or mitral valve).

Question 15

Function of the atrioventricular valve

Answer 15

These valves prevent regurgitation of ventricular blood into the atria.

Question 16

Describe the semilunar valve

Answer 16

Semilunar valves in the pulmonary and aortic trunks are composed of three cusps that approximate each other as
they fill with arterial blood.
• They are lined with endothelium on both sides separated by sparse strands of connective tissue.

Question 17

Function of semilunar valves

Answer 17

These valves prevent regurgitation of pulmonary and aortic blood into the respective ventricles.

Question 18

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 18

Cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle describes the complete movement of the heart or heartbeat and includes the period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next one.

Question 19

The Cardiac cycle consists of which processes?

Answer 19

• diastole (ventricular relaxation and filling)
• systole (ventricular contraction and emptying).

Question 20

The right heart is the pump for the__________

Answer 20

pulmonary circuit

Question 21

the left heart is the pump for the__________________

Answer 21

systemic circuit

Question 22

Features of the male reproductive system

Answer 22

Gonad (testes)
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Male urethra
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
External genitalia

Question 23

The sperm cell is the only cell that can move from one point to another without external help T/F

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

Characteristics and histology of the testes

Answer 24

Testes are the place of sperm production. Each testis is divided into lobules, each containing one to four semi-niferous tubules.
•The seminiferous tubules are tightly coiled, which adds to their length, and have a hollow center.
•Inside the seminiferous tubules are germ cells, called spermatocytes, in different stages of development and supporting cells called sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells.
•Germ cells are in close contact with Sertoli cells, an arrangement similar to marbles (germ cells) pushed into playdough (Sertoli cell).
•Sertoli cells secrete molecules that promote sperm production and control germ cell survival.

Histology
- Surrounded by a capsule: a visceral layer of tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea and tunica vasculosa (from outer to inner)

Question 25

Characteristics and histology of the seminiferous tubules

Answer 25

- A tightly convoluted hollow structure present in each lobule of the testis - contains spermatocytes, sustentacular or Sertoli cells that secrete molecules that promote sperm production - Site for spermatogenesis - surrounded by interstitial loose CT (made of Leydig cells that secrete TESTOSTERONE)

Question 26

Characteristics and histology of the rete testi

Answer 26

A network of small tubes in the testicle that helps move sperm cells from the testicle to the epididymis. Labyrinth of straight tubules lined by cuboidal or low columnar epithelium, each cell has one cilium

Question 27

Characteristics and histology of the epididymis

Answer 27

A highly convoluted tubule/duct which nourishes sperm for about 20 days before ejaculation lined with pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia Function Phagocytosis of defective spermatozoa and residual bodies eliminated during spermatogenesis Absorption of excess fluid Secretion of substances (sialic acid, glycerylphosphorylcholine) that plays a role in the maturation of sperm

Question 28

Characteristics and histology of the seminal vesicle

Answer 28

Sac-like highly tortous mass in the posterior wall of the prostate gland and secretes a viscous fluid which makes up 70% of the ejaculate Wall consists of: 1. Mucous membrane (lumen lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with microvilli and goblet cells and low columnar cells) 2. Muscular layer (thin layer of smooth muscle) 3. Connective tissue (outer covering of loose connective tissue forms the adventitial layer containing blood vessels and nerve)

Question 29

Characteristics and histology of the ductus deferens

Answer 29

Long straight duct (muscular tube) lined by pseudostratified epithelium Wall consists of: 1. Mucous membrane (lined by simple columnar throughout and pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia at the distal end, the epithelium is supported by lamina propria consisting of many elastic fibres) - similar to epididymis but shorter principal cells 2. Muscular layer (thick 3-layered of smooth muscle) internal layer-longitudinal Middle -circular External - longitudinal 3. Connective tissue (fibroelastic connective tissue forms the adventitial layer containing blood vessels and nerves) The ampulla is the dilated portion of the ductus deferens with tall principle cells and smaller basal cells Thick muscle layer for peristalsis

Question 30

Characteristics and histology of the urethra

Answer 30

A passage lined by stratified columnar or stratified cuboidal epithelium, moderately thick muscularis

Question 31

Function of accessory male reproductive glands

Answer 31

- nourish and protect sperm in transport - activate sperm before ejaculation - clean the urethral tract before ejaculation - produce secretions that assist in passage to the female reproductive tract

Question 32

3 major accessory reproductive glands

Answer 32

Seminal vesicle prostate bulbourethral

Question 33

Characteristics and histology of the prostate gland

Answer 33

- Largest reproductive gland - straddles the urethra below the urinary bladder - composed of secretory acini arranged in large irregular tubuloalveolar structures made of low columnar to cuboidal cells - lined by Pseudostratified columnar epithelium -covered by a capsule - peripheral zone is where prostrate cancer occurs Secretes fluid pH 7.3

Question 34

Function of Leydig cells in the testis

Answer 34

to secrete testosterone

Question 35

What are the layers of the testes

Answer 35

Tunica vaginalis Tunic albuginea Tunica vasculosa

Question 36

Characteristics and histology of the ejaculatory duct

Answer 36

Narrower part of the ductus deferens that runs through the prostate gland Had characteristics of ductus deferens Lined by Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with no muscular layer

Question 37

Pathway of male reproductive sperm

Answer 37

1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Rete testis 3. Efferent ductules 4. Epididymis 5. Vas deferens 6. Spermatic cord abs seminal vesicles: empty into urethra 7. Penis

Question 38

The female reproductive system consists of

Answer 38

Gonads called ovaries Fallopian tube Accessory gland bulbourethral gland Uterus Vagina External genitalia Ovary

Question 39

Characteristics and histology of the ovary

Answer 39

Divided into the cortex and medulla Cortex contains ovarian follicles containing an oocyte Medulla contains large arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves in a loose collagenous matrix Ovary is covered by cuboidal epithelium that converts to simple squamous epithelium later in life Site of follicular development

Question 40

Characteristics and histology of the ovarian duct

Answer 40

3 layers Inner mucosa (highly convoluted covered in ciliated columnar epithelium with non-ciliated mucus secreting cells) Middle muscular layer (smooth muscle) Outer serosa

Question 41

Characteristics and histology of the cervix

Answer 41

Part of the uterus that expands into the vagina Runs from vaginal opening (external os) to the body of the uterus Outer vaginal layer of the cervix is lined by stratified squamous epithelium of the Vagina Epithelium abruptly transitions to (uterine cervix) simple columnar in the cervical canal that leads to the inside of the uterus

Question 42

Characteristics and histology of the vagina

Answer 42

Layers: Mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium with lamina propria without glands) Muscularis: inner circular and outer longitudinal layer Adventitia (dense fibroelastic CT)

Question 43

Characteristics and histology of the penis

Answer 43

3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue and penile urethra surrounded by ski Corpora cavernosa are placed dorsally Corpus sponginosum are ventral and surround the urethra Tunica albuginea (dense fibroblastic tissue) surrounds the 3 structures Penile urethra is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and contains a mucus gland

Question 44

What part of the cervix is cervical cancer most common?

Answer 44

Cervical-epithelial junction