An Orientation to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

The study of large (Macroscopic) body structures visible to the naked eye. (e.g. Heart, Digestive System, Bone)

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of body structures too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope. (i.e. Cells and their arrangement in tissues)

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4
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

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5
Q

The Unity of Form and Function

A

What a structure can do depends on its specific form

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6
Q

Level of Organization (From Simplest to Most Complex)

A

a. Subatomic Particles
b. Atoms
c. Molecules
d. Organelles
e. Cells
f. Tissue
g. Organ
h. Organ System
I. Organism (Humans)

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7
Q

Properties that Define Life

A

a. Composed of Cells
b. Similar Biochemistry (Similarity between living organisms)
c. Metabolism
d. Responsiveness
e. Capable of Reproduction

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8
Q

Cell

A

Microscopic unit that carries out all the processes of the body

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9
Q

Similar Biochemistry

A

All living organisms are composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
- These four chemicals are not found in anything of
non-biological origin

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10
Q

Metabolism

A
  • All the chemical reactions happening in the body
  • Living organisms build up and break down structures and compound
  • Living organisms can assimilate compounds
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11
Q

Responsiveness (Excitability)

A

Ability to react to changes in the environment

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12
Q

Stimulus/Stimuli

A

Changes in the environment

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13
Q

Capable of Reproduction

A
  • Make copies of one’s self

- Pass on genes to future generation

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • The state of relative constancy in a body’s internal environment
  • Allows the body to work at peak efficiency
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15
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A
  • Dynamic = Change

- Things are always changing and the body must adjust to those changes

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16
Q

Control Mechanisms

A

a. Receptors
b. Control Center
c. Effector

17
Q

Receptor

A

Sensor that detects change ( Example: Sensory Neuron)

18
Q

Control Center

A

Part that analyzes the data from the receptor and sends appropriate responses to effectors ( Usually the brain of the spinal cord)

19
Q

Effector

A

Part that responds to commands from the control center ( Usually the glands or the muscles)

20
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

A
  • The response of the body is opposite to the direction of the stimulus
  • Most common type of control mechanism in the body
21
Q

Examples of Negative Feedback

A
  • Body Temperature
  • Blood Pressure
  • Hormone Production
  • Blood Sugar Levels
22
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

A
  • The response of the body enhances the original stimulus so that the stimulus increases
  • Not very common
23
Q

Examples of Positive Feedback

A
  • Blood Clotting

- Labor Contractions During Birth