An Orientation Flashcards
Definition of anatomy
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Definition of physiology
The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
Regional anatomy
All structures in one part of the body (leg)
Systemic anatomy
Gross anatomy of the body studied by system
Surface anatomy
Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Principle of complementarity
Function always reflects structure and structure always reflects function
Levels is structural organization
Chemical- atoms combined to molecules
Cellular- cells are made of molecules
Tissue- consists of similar types of cells
Organ- made up of different types of tissues
Organ system- consists of different organs that work together
Organism- made up of the organ systems
Urinary system
Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes
Endocrine system
Controls the body with chemicals called hormones
Skeletal system
Provides support and levers on which the muscle are system can act
Cardiovascular system
Delivers oxygen and nutrients or the body tissues
Integumentary system
Protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage
Lymphatic system
Protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells
Digestive system
Breaks down foodstuffs that can be absorbed
Respiratory system
Removes carbon dioxide from the blood
Muscular system
Moves limbs; allows facial expression
Reproductive system
Sex organs; making life
Nervous system
Interacts with the outside world; gives feeling
Necessary life function: maintaining boundaries
The internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
Necessary life function: cellular level
Accomplished by plasma membranes
Necessary life function: organism level
Accomplished by the skin
Necessary life function: movement
Locomotion, propulsion, contractility
Necessary life function: responsiveness
Ability to sense change in the environment and respond to them
Necessary life function: digestion
Breakdown of ingested food
Necessary life function: metabolism
All the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Necessary life function: excretion
Removal of waste from the body
Survival needs: nutrients
Needed for energy and cell building
Survival needs: oxygen
Necessary for metabolic reactions
Survival needs: water
Provides ness every environment for chemical reactions
Survival needs: normal body temp.
Necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
Survival needs: atmospheric pressure
Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Negative feedback loop
The body senses an internal change and activates mechanisms that reverse or negates that change
Positive feedback loop
The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus (blood clotting)
Homeostatic imbalance will…
Increase as you get older; increase risk of death and illness
Transverse plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Frontal plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into the right and left parts
Thoracic cavity
The mediastinum and pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities
Each houses a lung
Mediasitium cavity
Contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity
Encloses the heart
Abdominal cavity
Contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs
Pelvic cavity
Lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs and rectum
Ventral body cavity membranes: parietal serosa
Lines internal body walls
Ventral body cavity membrane: visceral serosa
Covers internal organs
Ventral body cavity membrane: serous fluid
Separates the serosae
