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A&P Chapter 1 > An Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy and Physiology?r

A

Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology is the science of body functions- how the body parts work

Structure and function are so closely related that you learn about the human body by studying its anatomy and physiology together.

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2
Q

How is dissection related to anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy was first studied through dissection.
Dissection is the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationship.
Today, we have a variety of imaging techniques that advance anatomical knowledge.

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3
Q

What are several branches of Anatomy and Physiology?

A

Embryology, Neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology

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4
Q

List the six levels of organization of the human body?

A

1) chemical level
2) cellular level
3) tissue level
4) organ level
5) system level
6) organismal level

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5
Q

What is the cheical level of organization in the human body

A

the most basic level that includes atoms & molecules

atoms are the smallest units of matter and certain atoms, CHONP & Ca, are essential for maintaining life.
DNA & glucose are common molecules found in the body

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6
Q

What is the cellular level of organization in the human body?

A

Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural & functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

ex.
muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells

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7
Q

What is the tissue level of organization in the human body?

A

Tissues are groups of cells & the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

4 basic types of tissue:

- epithelial tissue- body surfaces, hollow organs and cavities, forms glands
- connective tissue- connects, supports & protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to tissues
- muscular tissue- contracts to make body parts move & generates heat
- nervous tissue- carries information from one part of the body to the other through impulses
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8
Q

What is the organ level of organization?

A

At the organ level, different types of tissues are joined together. Organs are composed of two different types of tissues and have specific functions with usually recognizable shapes.

 Ex: stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain
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9
Q

What is the system level of organization?

A

A system consists of related organs with a common function.

 Ex: The digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food. Its organs are the mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

sometimes and organ is part of more than one system
ex. pancreas, digestive and endocrine system

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10
Q

What is the organismal level of organization in the human body?

A

All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism

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11
Q

What are noninvasive diagnostic techniques?

A

Techniques that do not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or body opening.

Ex: inspection- observe body for changes deviated from normal
palpation- feels body surfaces with hands
auscultation- listen to body sounds to evaluate function of certain
organs
percussion- taps on body surface with fingertips and listens to
resulting sounds.

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12
Q

What is metabolism and its phases?

A

One of the basic life processes that is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

Phases:
1) catabolism- the breakdown of complex chemical substances into
smaller components
2) anabolism- the building up of complex chemical substances from
smaller, simpler components

Ex: digestive processes catabolize proteins in food into amino acids that are then used to anabolize new proteins that make up body structures

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13
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

One of the basic life processes that is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

Ex:

  • an increase in body temp during a fever result in change in internal environment
  • turning your head to sound of a squeal is a result of change in external environment
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14
Q

What is movement?

A

One of the basic life processes that includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

Ex: the coordinated action of leg muscles moves your whole body from one place to another when you walk or run

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15
Q

What is growth?

A

One of the basic life processes that includes an increase in body size that results in the size of existing cells, number of cells, or both.

Ex: a tissue might increase in size because the amount of material between cells increases

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16
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state.

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17
Q

What are stem cells as it relates to differentiation?

A

The precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.
Each type of cell in the body has a specialized structure or function that differ from that of its precursor (ancestor) cell.

Ex, Red blood cells and several types of white blood cells all arise from the same unspecialized precursor cells in red bone marrow.
also, when a single fertilized human egg develops into an embryo.

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18
Q

What is reproduction?

A

The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; or the production of a new individual.
This occurs through cell division.

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19
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

a postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death.
This can uncover many things such as the existence of diseases, determine the extent of injuries, and explain how injuries contributed to death.

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20
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.
It occurs because of the nonstop interplay of the body’s many regulatory systems

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21
Q

What are body fluids & how does it relate to homeostasis?

A

Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them.

maintaining the volume and composition of this is an important aspect of homeostasis.

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22
Q

What are the fluids found in the body?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) - found within cells

Extracellular fluid (ECF) - the fluid found outside of body cells

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23
Q

What are the many extracellular fluids, with descriptions?

A

interstitial fluid- the ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues

blood plasma- ECF within blood vessels

lymph- ECF within lymphatic vessels

cerebrospinal fluid - ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord

synovial fluid - ECF in joints

aqueous humor and vitreous humor- ECF of the eyes

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24
Q

How does ECF differ depending on where it occurs in the body?

A

The fluids in different parts of the body are called different things and have different functions depending on where it occurs.

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25
Q

What does the proper functioning of cells depend on?

A

the precise regulation of the composition of their surrounding fluid.
Because ECF surrounds the cells of the body, it serves as the body’s internal environment which is what is controlled during homeostasis.

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26
Q

How is homeostasis controlled?

A

Through feedback systems and the nervous system and endocrine system working together or separately.

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27
Q

What are feedback systems and its 3 basic components?

A

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, monitored, reevaluated, and so on

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28
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. This is called an afferent pathway, since the information flows toward the control center.
typically input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals.

Ex: Certain nerve ending in the skin sense temperature and can detect changes. such as, dramatic drop in temperature

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29
Q

What is a control center?

A

In the body for example, the brain, sets the point in which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
This output typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones.

This pathway is called an efferent pathway since information flows away from the control center

Ex: skin temperature; the brain receives nerve impulses from the skin receptors and generates nerve impulses as output

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30
Q

What is an effector?

A

a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector

Ex: Body temp drops sharply; your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). Resulting in you shivering which generates heat and raises your body temperature

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31
Q

What do negative feedback systems do?

A

reverses a change in a controlled condition

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32
Q

What do positive feedback systems do?

A

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s-controlled condition

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33
Q

How is the regulation of blood pressure related to a negative feedback system?

A
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34
Q

How is childbirth related to positive feedback systems?

A
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35
Q

How does your health impact the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis?

A

Many disease that are the result of lifelong poor health interferes with the body’s natural drive to maintain homeostasis.

Ex: smoking related illnesses

Developing a lifestyle that works with, rather than against, your body’s homeostatic processes help you maximize your personal potential for optimal health and well-being

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36
Q

What is a disorder?

A

any abnormality of structure or function

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37
Q

What is a disease?

A

a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

local disease- affects one pare or a limited region of the body (sinus infection)

systematic disease- affects either the entire body or several parts of it (influenza)

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38
Q

What are symptoms?

A

what a person with a disease may experience
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
Ex: headache, nausea, anxiety

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39
Q

What are signs?

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

Ex: swelling or rash, fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis

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40
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community

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41
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease

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42
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another

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43
Q

What is basic anatomical terminology?

A

the common language of special terms when referring to body structures and their function
has precisely defined meanings that allow us to communicate clearly and precisely

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44
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the body, as well as the prone and supine position.

A

the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. the lower limbs are parallel, and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

two terms describe a reclining body:
prone- lying facedown
supine-lying face up

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45
Q

What are the principal body regions with description of each?

A

Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs

head consists of skull and face. the skull encloses and protects the brain; the face is the front portion of the head

neck supports the head and attaches it to the trunk

The trunk consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis

each upper limb attaches to the trunk; consists of shoulder armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

each lower limb attaches to the trunk; consists of the buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot

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46
Q

cephalic

A

head

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47
Q

cranial

A

skull

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48
Q

facial

A

face

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49
Q

frontal

A

forehead

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50
Q

temporal

A

temple

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51
Q

orbital or occular

A

eye

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52
Q

otic

A

ear

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53
Q

buccal

A

cheek

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54
Q

nasal

A

nose

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55
Q

oral

A

mouth

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56
Q

mental

A

chin

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57
Q

cephalic

A

head

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58
Q

cervical

A

neck

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59
Q

sternal

A

breastbone

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60
Q

thoracic

A

chest

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61
Q

axillary

A

armpit

62
Q

brachial

A

arm

63
Q

mammary

A

breast

64
Q

antecubital

A

front of elbow

65
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

66
Q

abdominal

A

abdomen

67
Q

umbilical

A

navel(bellybutton)

68
Q

coxal

A

hip

69
Q

trunk

A

consist of thoracic(chest), abdominal(abdomen), and pelvic(pelvis)

70
Q

carpal

A

wrist

71
Q

palmar or volar

A

palm

72
Q

digital or phalangeal

A

fingers and toes

73
Q

manual

A

hand

74
Q

pollex

A

thumb

75
Q

inguinal

A

groin

76
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis

77
Q

pubic

A

pubis

78
Q

femoral

A

thigh

79
Q

patellar

A

anterior surface of knee

80
Q

crural

A

leg

81
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

82
Q

pedal

A

foot

83
Q

dorsum

A

top of foot

84
Q

hallux

A

big toe

85
Q

occipital

A

base of skull

86
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blade

87
Q

vertebral

A

spinal collumn

88
Q

olecranal or cubital

A

back of elbow

89
Q

dorsal

A

back

90
Q

lumbar

A

loin-lower back

91
Q

sacral

A

between hips- top of buttcrack

92
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

93
Q

popliteal

A

hollow behind knee

94
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

95
Q

calcaneal

A

heel

96
Q

sural

A

calf

97
Q

perineal

A

region of anus and external genitals

98
Q

What are directional terms?

A

words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

99
Q

superior

A

toward the head, or the upper part of a structure

Ex: the heart is superior to the liver

100
Q

inferior

A

away from the head, or the lower part of a structure

Ex: the stomach is inferior to the lungs

101
Q

anterior

A

nearer to or at the front of the body

Ex: the sternum is anterior to the heart

102
Q

posterior

A

nearer to or at the back of the body

Ex: the esophagus is posterior to the trachea

103
Q

medial

A

nearer to the midline of the body

Ex: the heart is medial to the brachea

104
Q

lateral

A

farther from the midline

Ex: the lungs are lateral to the heart

105
Q

intermediate

A

between two structures

Ex: the transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and desecending colons

106
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

Ex: the gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral

107
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Ex: the ascending and descending colons are contralateral

108
Q

proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

Ex: the humerus is proximal to the radius

109
Q

distal

A

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure

Ex: the phalanges are distal to the carpals

110
Q

superficial

A

toward or on the surface of the body

Ex: the ribs are superficial to the lungs

111
Q

deep

A

away from the surface of the body

Ex: the ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back

112
Q

what are planes in anatomical terminology?

A

Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

  • sagittal plane
  • midsagittal plane
  • parasagittal plane
  • frontal or coronal plane
  • transverse plane
  • oblique plane
113
Q

what is the sagittal plane?

A

a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

114
Q

what is a midsagittal plane or median plane?

A

the plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides

115
Q

what is the midline?

A

an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides

116
Q

What is the parasagittal plane?

A

a sagittal plane that does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides

117
Q

What is the frontal or coronal plane?

A

divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions

118
Q

what is the transverse plane?

A

divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions65

119
Q

What is an oblique plane?

A

passes through the body or an organ at a 90 degree angle

120
Q

What is a section?

A

a cut of the body or one of its organs made alone one of the planes

it is important to know the plane of the section so you can understand the anatomical relationship of one part to another

121
Q

What are body cavities?

A

spaces that enclose internal organs

bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another

122
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

formed by cranial bones and contains brain

123
Q

What is the vertebral canal?

A

formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another

124
Q

what are meninges?

A

three layers of protective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord, along with shock-absorbing fluid

125
Q

what are the major body cavities of the trunk?

A

the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

126
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

chest cavity; formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum, and the thoracis portion of the vertebral column.
contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

127
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

within the thoracic cavity, a fluid filled space that surround the heart

128
Q

what are pleural cavities?

A

two fluid-filled spaces; one around each lung

129
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

central part of thoracic cavity between lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

130
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

a dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

131
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

132
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A

the superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity which contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum.

133
Q

What is the pelvic cavity?

A

the inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity containing the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.

134
Q

What is viscera?

A

organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

135
Q

What is a membrane?

A

a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures

136
Q

What is serous membrane?

A

a slippery, double layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior
it covers viscera and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen

137
Q

What are the parts of the serous membrane with description of each?

A

the parietal layer, a thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities
the visceral layer, a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities

138
Q

What is serous fluid?

A

a small amount of lubricating fluid between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the serous membrane

this fluid allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements

Ex: when lungs inflate and deflate during breathing

139
Q

What is the serous membrane of the pleural cavity?

A

pleura: the visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm
In between is the pleural cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid

140
Q

What are the components of the pleura, with description of each.

A

the visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm

141
Q

What is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity and its components?

A

pericardium: the visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart; the parietal pericardium lines the chest wall
between them is the pericardial cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid

142
Q

What is the peritoneum and its components?

A

the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity: the visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera, and the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
between them is the peritoneal cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid

some organs of the abdomen are not surrounded by peritoneum. these organs are said to retroperitoneal.
Ex: kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

143
Q

What are abdominopelvic regions and the names of each region?

A
144
Q

What is the second method of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas?

A

dividing it into quadrants

145
Q

How is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into quadrants?

A

through a midsagittal line and a transverse line passing through the umbillicus

146
Q

What does the midsagittal line and the transverse line pass through?

A

umbilicus or bellybutton

147
Q

What are the names of the abdominopelvic quadrants?

A

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant

148
Q

What is aging?

A

a normal process characterized by a progressing decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis

149
Q

Which term refers to the front side of the body?

A

anterior

150
Q

what plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts

A

transverse plane

151
Q

The dorsal cavity contains the:

A

cranial cavity

152
Q

which system is examined in gastroenterology?

A

digestive system

A&P Chapter 1 (2 decks)

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