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A&P Chapter 1 > An Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy and Physiology?r

A

Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology is the science of body functions- how the body parts work

Structure and function are so closely related that you learn about the human body by studying its anatomy and physiology together.

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2
Q

How is dissection related to anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy was first studied through dissection.
Dissection is the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationship.
Today, we have a variety of imaging techniques that advance anatomical knowledge.

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3
Q

What are several branches of Anatomy and Physiology?

A

Embryology, Neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology

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4
Q

List the six levels of organization of the human body?

A

1) chemical level
2) cellular level
3) tissue level
4) organ level
5) system level
6) organismal level

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5
Q

What is the cheical level of organization in the human body

A

the most basic level that includes atoms & molecules

atoms are the smallest units of matter and certain atoms, CHONP & Ca, are essential for maintaining life.
DNA & glucose are common molecules found in the body

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6
Q

What is the cellular level of organization in the human body?

A

Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural & functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

ex.
muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells

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7
Q

What is the tissue level of organization in the human body?

A

Tissues are groups of cells & the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

4 basic types of tissue:

- epithelial tissue- body surfaces, hollow organs and cavities, forms glands
- connective tissue- connects, supports & protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to tissues
- muscular tissue- contracts to make body parts move & generates heat
- nervous tissue- carries information from one part of the body to the other through impulses
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8
Q

What is the organ level of organization?

A

At the organ level, different types of tissues are joined together. Organs are composed of two different types of tissues and have specific functions with usually recognizable shapes.

 Ex: stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain
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9
Q

What is the system level of organization?

A

A system consists of related organs with a common function.

 Ex: The digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food. Its organs are the mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

sometimes and organ is part of more than one system
ex. pancreas, digestive and endocrine system

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10
Q

What is the organismal level of organization in the human body?

A

All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism

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11
Q

What are noninvasive diagnostic techniques?

A

Techniques that do not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or body opening.

Ex: inspection- observe body for changes deviated from normal
palpation- feels body surfaces with hands
auscultation- listen to body sounds to evaluate function of certain
organs
percussion- taps on body surface with fingertips and listens to
resulting sounds.

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12
Q

What is metabolism and its phases?

A

One of the basic life processes that is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

Phases:
1) catabolism- the breakdown of complex chemical substances into
smaller components
2) anabolism- the building up of complex chemical substances from
smaller, simpler components

Ex: digestive processes catabolize proteins in food into amino acids that are then used to anabolize new proteins that make up body structures

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13
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

One of the basic life processes that is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

Ex:

  • an increase in body temp during a fever result in change in internal environment
  • turning your head to sound of a squeal is a result of change in external environment
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14
Q

What is movement?

A

One of the basic life processes that includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

Ex: the coordinated action of leg muscles moves your whole body from one place to another when you walk or run

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15
Q

What is growth?

A

One of the basic life processes that includes an increase in body size that results in the size of existing cells, number of cells, or both.

Ex: a tissue might increase in size because the amount of material between cells increases

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16
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state.

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17
Q

What are stem cells as it relates to differentiation?

A

The precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.
Each type of cell in the body has a specialized structure or function that differ from that of its precursor (ancestor) cell.

Ex, Red blood cells and several types of white blood cells all arise from the same unspecialized precursor cells in red bone marrow.
also, when a single fertilized human egg develops into an embryo.

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18
Q

What is reproduction?

A

The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; or the production of a new individual.
This occurs through cell division.

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19
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

a postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death.
This can uncover many things such as the existence of diseases, determine the extent of injuries, and explain how injuries contributed to death.

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20
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.
It occurs because of the nonstop interplay of the body’s many regulatory systems

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21
Q

What are body fluids & how does it relate to homeostasis?

A

Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them.

maintaining the volume and composition of this is an important aspect of homeostasis.

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22
Q

What are the fluids found in the body?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) - found within cells

Extracellular fluid (ECF) - the fluid found outside of body cells

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23
Q

What are the many extracellular fluids, with descriptions?

A

interstitial fluid- the ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues

blood plasma- ECF within blood vessels

lymph- ECF within lymphatic vessels

cerebrospinal fluid - ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord

synovial fluid - ECF in joints

aqueous humor and vitreous humor- ECF of the eyes

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24
Q

How does ECF differ depending on where it occurs in the body?

A

The fluids in different parts of the body are called different things and have different functions depending on where it occurs.

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25
What does the proper functioning of cells depend on?
the precise regulation of the composition of their surrounding fluid. Because ECF surrounds the cells of the body, it serves as the body's internal environment which is what is controlled during homeostasis.
26
How is homeostasis controlled?
Through feedback systems and the nervous system and endocrine system working together or separately.
27
What are feedback systems and its 3 basic components?
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, monitored, reevaluated, and so on
28
What is a receptor?
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. This is called an afferent pathway, since the information flows toward the control center. typically input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals. Ex: Certain nerve ending in the skin sense temperature and can detect changes. such as, dramatic drop in temperature
29
What is a control center?
In the body for example, the brain, sets the point in which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. This output typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones. This pathway is called an efferent pathway since information flows away from the control center Ex: skin temperature; the brain receives nerve impulses from the skin receptors and generates nerve impulses as output
30
What is an effector?
a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector Ex: Body temp drops sharply; your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). Resulting in you shivering which generates heat and raises your body temperature
31
What do negative feedback systems do?
reverses a change in a controlled condition
32
What do positive feedback systems do?
Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's-controlled condition
33
How is the regulation of blood pressure related to a negative feedback system?
34
How is childbirth related to positive feedback systems?
35
How does your health impact the body's ability to maintain homeostasis?
Many disease that are the result of lifelong poor health interferes with the body's natural drive to maintain homeostasis. Ex: smoking related illnesses Developing a lifestyle that works with, rather than against, your body's homeostatic processes help you maximize your personal potential for optimal health and well-being
36
What is a disorder?
any abnormality of structure or function
37
What is a disease?
a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms local disease- affects one pare or a limited region of the body (sinus infection) systematic disease- affects either the entire body or several parts of it (influenza)
38
What are symptoms?
what a person with a disease may experience subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer Ex: headache, nausea, anxiety
39
What are signs?
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure Ex: swelling or rash, fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis
40
What is epidemiology?
The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
41
What is pharmacology?
the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
42
What is a diagnosis?
the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
43
What is basic anatomical terminology?
the common language of special terms when referring to body structures and their function has precisely defined meanings that allow us to communicate clearly and precisely
44
Describe the anatomical position of the body, as well as the prone and supine position.
the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. the lower limbs are parallel, and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward. two terms describe a reclining body: prone- lying facedown supine-lying face up
45
What are the principal body regions with description of each?
Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs head consists of skull and face. the skull encloses and protects the brain; the face is the front portion of the head neck supports the head and attaches it to the trunk The trunk consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis each upper limb attaches to the trunk; consists of shoulder armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand each lower limb attaches to the trunk; consists of the buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
46
cephalic
head
47
cranial
skull
48
facial
face
49
frontal
forehead
50
temporal
temple
51
orbital or occular
eye
52
otic
ear
53
buccal
cheek
54
nasal
nose
55
oral
mouth
56
mental
chin
57
cephalic
head
58
cervical
neck
59
sternal
breastbone
60
thoracic
chest
61
axillary
armpit
62
brachial
arm
63
mammary
breast
64
antecubital
front of elbow
65
antebrachial
forearm
66
abdominal
abdomen
67
umbilical
navel(bellybutton)
68
coxal
hip
69
trunk
consist of thoracic(chest), abdominal(abdomen), and pelvic(pelvis)
70
carpal
wrist
71
palmar or volar
palm
72
digital or phalangeal
fingers and toes
73
manual
hand
74
pollex
thumb
75
inguinal
groin
76
pelvic
pelvis
77
pubic
pubis
78
femoral
thigh
79
patellar
anterior surface of knee
80
crural
leg
81
tarsal
ankle
82
pedal
foot
83
dorsum
top of foot
84
hallux
big toe
85
occipital
base of skull
86
scapular
shoulder blade
87
vertebral
spinal collumn
88
olecranal or cubital
back of elbow
89
dorsal
back
90
lumbar
loin-lower back
91
sacral
between hips- top of buttcrack
92
gluteal
buttock
93
popliteal
hollow behind knee
94
plantar
sole of foot
95
calcaneal
heel
96
sural
calf
97
perineal
region of anus and external genitals
98
What are directional terms?
words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
99
superior
toward the head, or the upper part of a structure Ex: the heart is superior to the liver
100
inferior
away from the head, or the lower part of a structure Ex: the stomach is inferior to the lungs
101
anterior
nearer to or at the front of the body Ex: the sternum is anterior to the heart
102
posterior
nearer to or at the back of the body Ex: the esophagus is posterior to the trachea
103
medial
nearer to the midline of the body Ex: the heart is medial to the brachea
104
lateral
farther from the midline Ex: the lungs are lateral to the heart
105
intermediate
between two structures Ex: the transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and desecending colons
106
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure Ex: the gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral
107
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure Ex: the ascending and descending colons are contralateral
108
proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure Ex: the humerus is proximal to the radius
109
distal
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure Ex: the phalanges are distal to the carpals
110
superficial
toward or on the surface of the body Ex: the ribs are superficial to the lungs
111
deep
away from the surface of the body Ex: the ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back
112
what are planes in anatomical terminology?
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts - sagittal plane - midsagittal plane - parasagittal plane - frontal or coronal plane - transverse plane - oblique plane
113
what is the sagittal plane?
a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
114
what is a midsagittal plane or median plane?
the plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides
115
what is the midline?
an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides
116
What is the parasagittal plane?
a sagittal plane that does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
117
What is the frontal or coronal plane?
divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions
118
what is the transverse plane?
divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions65
119
What is an oblique plane?
passes through the body or an organ at a 90 degree angle
120
What is a section?
a cut of the body or one of its organs made alone one of the planes it is important to know the plane of the section so you can understand the anatomical relationship of one part to another
121
What are body cavities?
spaces that enclose internal organs bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another
122
What is the cranial cavity?
formed by cranial bones and contains brain
123
What is the vertebral canal?
formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another
124
what are meninges?
three layers of protective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord, along with shock-absorbing fluid
125
what are the major body cavities of the trunk?
the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
126
What is the thoracic cavity?
chest cavity; formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum, and the thoracis portion of the vertebral column. contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
127
what is the pericardial cavity?
within the thoracic cavity, a fluid filled space that surround the heart
128
what are pleural cavities?
two fluid-filled spaces; one around each lung
129
what is the mediastinum?
central part of thoracic cavity between lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
130
what is the diaphragm?
a dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
131
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis. subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
132
What is the abdominal cavity?
the superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity which contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum.
133
What is the pelvic cavity?
the inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity containing the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
134
What is viscera?
organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
135
What is a membrane?
a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures
136
What is serous membrane?
a slippery, double layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior it covers viscera and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen
137
What are the parts of the serous membrane with description of each?
the parietal layer, a thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities the visceral layer, a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities
138
What is serous fluid?
a small amount of lubricating fluid between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the serous membrane this fluid allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements Ex: when lungs inflate and deflate during breathing
139
What is the serous membrane of the pleural cavity?
pleura: the visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm In between is the pleural cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid
140
What are the components of the pleura, with description of each.
the visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm
141
What is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity and its components?
pericardium: the visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart; the parietal pericardium lines the chest wall between them is the pericardial cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid
142
What is the peritoneum and its components?
the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity: the visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera, and the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm. between them is the peritoneal cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid some organs of the abdomen are not surrounded by peritoneum. these organs are said to retroperitoneal. Ex: kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
143
What are abdominopelvic regions and the names of each region?
144
What is the second method of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas?
dividing it into quadrants
145
How is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into quadrants?
through a midsagittal line and a transverse line passing through the umbillicus
146
What does the midsagittal line and the transverse line pass through?
umbilicus or bellybutton
147
What are the names of the abdominopelvic quadrants?
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant
148
What is aging?
a normal process characterized by a progressing decline in the body's ability to restore homeostasis
149
Which term refers to the front side of the body?
anterior
150
what plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts
transverse plane
151
The dorsal cavity contains the:
cranial cavity
152
which system is examined in gastroenterology?
digestive system

A&P Chapter 1 (2 decks)

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