An introduction to the endocrine system Flashcards
What does the hypothalamus release?
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
What does the pituitary glands release
Anterior lobe - trophic (growth) hormones
Posterior lobe – oxytocin & vasopressin (ADH)
What does the thyroid gland release?
Thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine
What do the adrenal glands release?
Cortex: Cortisol, aldosterone
Medulla: Adrenaline/noradrenaline
What does the pancreas release?
Insulin, glucagon
What does the PARATHYROID GLAND release?
Parathyroid hormone
Define:
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Intracrine
- Hormones released by an endocrine cell into the general circulation and acting on distant target sites
- Hormones released by an endocrine cell which act locally on adjacent cells
- Hormones released by a cell which act back on the same cell
- Conversion if an inactive hormone to an active hormone that acts within a cell
What are the 3 general functions of hormones?
Reproduction, growth and development
Sex Steroids, thyroid hormones, prolactin, growth hormone
Maintenance of internal environment
Aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D
Energy production, utilization and storage
Insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, cortisol, growth hormone
What are the 4 chemical classifications of hormones and give some examples?
Protein/ peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
Amino acid derivatives
Fatty acid derivatives
What do protein and peptide hormones first form?
What do steroid hormones form?
Prohormone and endothelin - they are snipped down
Steroid nucleus
Describe the half-life and transport of:
protein and peptides
Tyrosine derivatives and thyroid hormones
Cholesterol derivatives
On table
Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland releasing trophic hormones
Hypothalamus release inhibiting or releasing neurohormones that acts on pituitary gland releasing TSH, ACTH AND LH/ FSH acting on thyroid/ adrenal cortex and gonads
What do the magnocellular neurone cells do?
What do paviceullar neurones do?
These release oxytocin and vasopressin into the blood
Inhibitory hormones are released from the hypothalamus and act on the anterior lobe of the pituitary which releases growth hormones ect
What does a decrease in the controlled variable cause
An increase in the controlled variable
What is the 3 tier system
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Effector organ
