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FunMed Cancer > An introduction to neoplasia > Flashcards

An introduction to neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clonal evolution model

A
  • this is the idea that tumours are from clones
  • but as they grow they gain more mutations
  • they have different shapes, size and molecular biology
  • each new mutation adds a new characteristic
  • autonomous or normal growth signals
    those with a growth advantage are dominant
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2
Q

what is the cancer stem cell hypothesis

A
  • idea that a normal stem cell leads to mutated stem cells which lead to cancer stem cells
  • normal progenitor cell leads to a mutated progenitor cell which leads to cancer stem cell
  • normal differentiated cell leads to a muted differentiated cell which leads to a cancer stem cell
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3
Q

what is a property of cancer stem cells

A

they are self renewal

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4
Q

what is a neoplasm

A

A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues, and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change.”

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5
Q

what are the various types of growth

A
  • Benign
  • precancerous
  • carcinoma in situ
  • malignant (cancerous tumours)
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6
Q

what does the initial development and growth depend on

A
  • depends on a population of a single type of neoplastic or transformed cells that are derived from a progenitor cell, these cells are identical and are clonal cells
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7
Q

neoplasms often contain …

A

more than one cell type

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8
Q

what is hyperplasia and what does it result in

A

this is an increase in overall muscle mass due to corresponding increase in the size of cells
- leads to benign tumour forming

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9
Q

what is dysplasia what does it lead to

A
  • this is an increase in the number of cells present, abnormality in growth and maturation of cells within tissues
  • often an indication of an early neoplastic process
  • pre-cancerous
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10
Q

what is carcinoma in situ

A
  • this is when the cells become primitive in capability

- invasive potential, may result in the formation of a malignant tumour

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11
Q

what is invasive cancer

A

this is when cells have the ability to invade nd metastasis

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12
Q

what are the stages of tumour development

A
  • hyperplasia
  • dysplasia
  • carcinoma in situ
  • invasive cancer
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13
Q

what is hyper plastic cells

A

these are a excessive number of cells that can assemble into tissue which appears reasonably normal

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14
Q

what are examples of hyper plastic cells

A

Examples:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Atypical lobular hyperplasia (breast)
Atypical ductal hyperplasia (breast

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15
Q

what is metaplasia

A

this is when a normal layer is replicated by a cell type that is not normally found in that location

  • invading cells are microscopically normal
  • often occurs in epithelial transition zones (e.g. junction of cervix and uterus and oesophagus and stomach)
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16
Q

what is an example of metaplasic tumours

A

Example: Barrett’s oesophagus
(30x increased risk developing
oesophageal adenocarcinomas).

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17
Q

describe dysplasia

A

abnormal growth

  • some but not all of the features in malignancy are present
  • transitional state between benign and pre=malignant
  • dysplasia may develop into malignancy
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18
Q

what are example of dysplasia cacners

A

Colonic polyps

Uterine cervix

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19
Q

how do you grade dysplasia

A
  • depends on the thickness of the involved epithelium
20
Q

what is the grading system of the epitheium

A

-Cervix - normal stratified squamous epithelium
- CIN I - disease confined to the lower third of the epithelium - this is mild
CIN II - diseased confined to the lower and middle thirds of the epithelium - moderate
CIN III - affecting the full thickness of the epidermis this is severe

21
Q

what are the grade dysplasia in bronchial epithelium

A 
(A) Normal two-layered epithelium; 
(B) squamous metaplasia;
(C) mild dysplasia;
(D) moderate dysplasia; 
(E) severe dysplasia;
(F) carcinomain situ.
22
Q

what are the characteristics in dysplasia

A 
- Variability nuclear size and 
shape
- > nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
- Increased mitotic activity
- Change in the relative  numbers 
of specific cell types

these are major changes in the cytoarchitecture

23
Q

what is the epithelia layer derived from

A
  • all three germ layers in the embryo, these are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
24
Q

What makes up the ectoderm

A

Skin epidermis

Glandular tissue of breast

25
Q

what makes up the mesoderm

A

ovaries

26
Q

what makes up the endoderm

A 
Lungs
Liver
Gall bladder 
Pancreas
Stomach
Intestine
27
Q

what is epithelia called in term of tumours

A
  • carcinoma
28
Q

what do lining and covering epithelia cover

A

Forms the surface of the skin and some internal organs. It forms the inner lining of ducts and body cavities and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems – stratified squamous

29
Q

what does the glandular epithelium cover

A

Are found in organs such as the thyroid, adrenal glands and sweat glands. And glands in breast and prostate. Specialised polarised cells which secrete into ducts or cavities –simple cuboidal and simple columnar.

30
Q

what are most human cancers

A

they are epithelial in origin and are carcinomas

31
Q

what are two common types of epithelial cancers

A
  1. Producing recognizable squamous cells: squamous cell carcinoma (nasal cavity, larynx, lung, cervix, skin).
  2. Glandular growth pattern: adenocarcinoma (lung, colon, breast, pancreas, stomach prostate).
32
Q

what is the difference between normal prostate glands and malignant prostate glands in prostate adenocarcinoma

A 
Normal
Columnar and some cuboidal luminal cells 
Pale cytoplasm
Inconspicuous nucleoli
Basal cells 
Flattened/cuboidal
Malignant
note size of nucleus: cytoplasm 
and prominent nucleoli
absence of basal cell layer
hyperchromasia
33
Q

what is abnormal nuclear morphology

A 
Hyperchromasia
Chromatin clumping
Prominent nucleoli
Little cytoplasm
Increased nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
      (>1:5 to 1:1)
Frequent mitosis (yellow arrows)
34
Q

what happens in abnormal mitosis

A
  • proliferative activity is high (mitotic rate is high)

- increased number of mitotic figures

35
Q

what are the different spindles

A
  • tripolar
  • quardripolar
  • multipolar spindles
36
Q

what is pleomorphism

A

variation in cell shape and size often larger than normal

37
Q

what are the different types of pleomorphism

A

Cellular pleomorphism
Nuclear pleomorphism
Hyperchromatic nuclei
Tumour giant cells

38
Q

what are the features of anaplasia

A

pleomorphism
abnormal nuclear
morphology
mitoses (abnormal

Loss of polarity
Normal cells are anchored and oriented to the basement membrane
Anaplastic cells lose this orientation and grow in a disorganised way

Other things
Tumour giant cells
Ischemic necrosis (as tumour outgrows its blood supply)

39
Q

where are sarcomas derived from

A

mesodermal tissues

40
Q

what are the two main types of sacromas

A

bone

soft tissue

41
Q

describe the sarcomas in the soft tissue

A 
Muscle (skeletal and smooth)
Cartilage
Fat
Nerves
Fibrous tissue, such as ligaments and connect tissue
Blood vessels 
Lymph vessels
42
Q

what are the types o f blood cancers

A
  • leukaemia
  • lymphoma
  • multiple myeloma
43
Q

where are blood cancers derived from

A

haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues

44
Q

what is leukaemia and which cells does it affect

A 
– malignancies of the bone marrow (abnormal white blood cells)
Lymphoid
Myeloid
Acute 
Chronic
45
Q

what is lymphoma and what are the type types

A

malignancies of the lymphoproliferative system
Hodgkin- lymph nodes, the spleen and liver
Non-Hodgkin - lymph nodes and extra-nodal including the gastrointestinal tract, skin and bone

46
Q

what is multiple myeloma and where does it effect

A

neoplastic proliferation of B cells in bone marrow - plasma cells producing a characteristic paraprotein (abnormal antibody).

FunMed Cancer (4 decks)

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