an intro to organic chemistry Flashcards
What is the significance of carbon atoms in organic chemistry?
Carbon atoms can bond in chains that may be straight, branched, or in rings, forming millions of compounds.
How many electrons does a carbon atom have in its outer shell?
Four electrons.
What is the strength of carbon-carbon bonds?
347 kJ mol-1.
What is the strength of carbon-hydrogen bonds?
413 kJ mol-1.
What represents the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound?
Empirical formula.
What does the molecular formula indicate?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.
What is a general formula in organic chemistry?
An algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.
What does a structural formula show?
The atoms carbon by carbon with attached groups.
What is a displayed formula?
Shows every atom and every bond in the molecule.
What is a skeletal formula?
Shows bonds of the carbon skeleton only with attached functional groups.
Define homologous series.
A group of compounds with the same general formula, functional group, and similar chemical properties.
What is the difference in molecular formula between members of a homologous series?
CH.
What is the prefix for alkenes?
-ene.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
C_nH_(2n+2).
What is the functional group of alcohols?
OH.
What suffix is used for carboxylic acids?
-oic acid.
What is the order of precedence for functional groups?
Carboxylic acid, nitrile, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, amine, alkene, haloalkane.
True or False: The main functional group gives the suffix in nomenclature.
True.
What is the structure of a primary amine?
N has 2 H’s at the end of the chain.
What is the structure of a secondary amine?
N has 1 H, in chain, between two C’s with one H attached.
What is the structure of a tertiary amine?
N attached to 3 C’s, in chain surrounded by chain and alkyl groups.
What does isomerism refer to?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but arranged differently.
What are structural isomers?
Isomers that differ in the arrangement of atoms.
What are stereoisomers?
Isomers with the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms.
What is E/Z isomerism?
A type of stereoisomerism where molecules have a C=C with two different groups attached.
What does CIP priority rules determine?
Which is the E and which is the Z isomer.
What is the definition of a pi bond?
A covalent bond formed by the overlap of p orbitals containing a single electron.
What is the characteristic of double bonds in alkenes?
Double bonds cannot rotate, leading to restricted rotation.
Fill in the blank: The displayed formula shows _______.
[every atom and every bond in the molecule]
Fill in the blank: The general formula for alcohols is C_nH_(2n)OH.
[C_nH_(2n)OH]
