AMT Parasitology Flashcards
Pathogenic, 4 nuceli, central karyosome, cigar shaped chromatid, progressive motility
E.histo
The only Ameba that ingests rbcs and is diagnositic for
E.histo
Infective, nonmotile, nonfeeding stage of E.histo
cyst
Identical to E.histo, non patho, doen’t ingest
E.dispar
Nonpatho, up to 8 irregular nuclei, eccentric karyosome, pointed chromatid, sluggish motility
E.coli
Similiar to E.histo, smaller and nonpatho
E.hartmanni
Nonpatho, glycogen vacuole, blot karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
Only ameba with one nucleus in cyst
Iodamoeba butshlii
nonpatho, smallest ameba, 4 nuclei, blot karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
E.nana
Two free living amebae
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp
Cause of PAM (meningoencephalitis), nasal passage
Naegleria fowleri
Diagnostic stage of N.fowleri
trophs in CSF
Ameba in immuncompromised, keratitis, contact lens
Acanthamoba spp
Vacuolar, granular forms
with 4 nuclei pushed to side,
large center
no cyst
Blastocystis
6 Flagellates
Dientamoeba fragilis (no flagella though)
Giarlia lamblia
Chilomastix mesnili
Trichomonas spp
trypanosome, leishmania
Two flagellates with no cyst stage
D.fragilis
T.hominis
Flagellate with no visible flagella, no cyst, 2 nuclei (each a mass of granules) and pathogenic
Dientamoeba fragilis
Cause of gasteroenteritis, beaver fever, cyst infective
axostyle, parabasal body, falling leaf motility, old man, sucker on underside, day care
Giardia lamblia
Nonpatho flagellate
lemon shaped cyst
Spiral grove/cork skrew motility, jaws
Chilomastix
mesnili
Flagellate, pathogenic, undulating membrane is 1/2 the length
sexually transmitted, urogenital
T.vaginalis
Flagellate nonpatho, feces, undulating membrane full length, no cyst
T.hominis
Only ciliate pathogenic to humans
Balantidium coli
pathogenic ciliate
farmers,pigs
cilia, 2 nuclei (one kidney) macro/micro
Balantidium coli
Infective stage of Plasmodiium and vector
sporozoites by female Anopheles mosquito
Stain for plasmodium
Giesma
Resistant to P.vivax
Duffy neg
These two things resistant to P.falciparum
G6PD def
HmgS
Exoerythrocytic phase of plasmodium in what organ
liver
Most infections of babesia by what species
microti
6 sporozoa
Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora
Babesia, Plasmodium
Toxoplasma
Infective stage of Babesia and what vector
sporozoites
bite of deer tick
(Ixodes scapularis)
Ring forms in packets of four, maltese cross from what protozoa
Babesia
Diagnostic stage in Giesma for Babesia
Ring forms in packets of four, maltese cross
P.ovale and P. vivax have these 3 things in common
rbcs enlarged
young rbcs
schuffners dots
Maurers dots seen in which Plasmodium
P.Falciparum
Ziemans stippling seen in which Plasmodium
P.malariae
Crescent or banana shaped gametocytes seen in
P.falciparum
Name of hemoflagellates living in human blood and tissues
trypanosomes
Stage with no flagella, leishmanial form
amastigote
stage with flagella at poterior end
trypomastigote
Two species cause of African sleeping sicknesss
Trypanosoma
rhodesiense, gambiense
East sleeping sickness
rhodesiense
West sleeping sickness
gambiense
Infective stage and vector of trypanosoma
trypomastigote, TseTse fly
Diagnostic stage in Giesma of trypanosoma
trypomastigote
Trypanosoma cruzi
disease name, infective, and vector
Chagas
tyrpomastigote
feces of reduvid bug
(T.infestans)
Diagnostic stage of T.cruzi in Giesma
tryptomastigote
What two forms and where can be found to diagnosis T.cruzi
Amastigote in heart
Trypomastigote in blood
Trypanosome that can be spread thru transfusions and seen in heart muscle
T.cruzi
Obligate intracellular parasite, flagellate
kala azar
amastigote in WBCs, RE cells
Leishmania
Leishmania infective stage, vector and diagnostic
promatigotes
sandfly
diagnostic: amastigote in macrophage
Genus with amastigote in macrophage in Giesma from skin lesions
(LD bodies)
Leishmania
3 parasites spread thru transfusions
Trypanosoma (chagas)
Plasmodium
Babesia
Diagnostic and infective stage for intestinal cocidia/sporozoan
oocysts
Coccidia/Sporozoan transmitted via fecal, self limiting, AIDs, acid fast oocyts
Cryptosporidium parvum
Intestinal coccidia/sporozoan with infective oocysts, contaminated produce/summer
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Sporozoan where human is definitive host, anorexia, diarrhea
oocysts/sporoblasts in feces
Isospora belli
Obligate intracellular, opportunisitics/AIDS
ingest spores w/polar tubule
Microsporidia
Diagnosis of microsporidia
trichrome
Tissue cocidia cat feces/undercooked meat, death of fetus, AIDs
oocyts
Toxoplasma gondii
4 parasites spread thru blood
Plasmodium
Babesia
Leishmania (macrophages)
Trypanosome(plasma)
Cause of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) immunocompromised
Pneumocystis jiroveci, carinii
Stain for P.jiroveci/carinii
GM silver stain
Gomoris methenamine silver stain
Another name for Flukes
Trematodes
5 trematodes/flukes
CFF, SP
Clonorchis
Fasciola
Fasciolopsis
Schistosoma
Paragonimus
Giant intestinal fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
Chinese liver fluke
Clonorchis sinensis
Sheep liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica
1 Blood Fluke
3 species
Shistosoma
japonicum, mansoni
haematobium
1 Lung Fluke
Paragonimus westermani
Cestodes are
Tapeworms
3 intestinal tapeworms/cestodes
1 tissue
D.latum
Taenia
Hymenolepsis
E.granulosus
Larval form in tissue Cestode/tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus
How many specimens recommended, frequency and over how many days for parasites
3 specimens every other day, over 10 days
How soon need to examine liquid specimens if not in preservative
30min of passage
How soon to examine soft specimens if not in preservative
1hr
How soon to examine formed stool if not in preservative or refridgerated
24hrs
Do not collect specimens that contain these 3 things and why
urine: destroy motile
water: free living
oil/barium enema:
protozoa may become undetectable
Collection of specimens in general
Sputum: early morning
CSF: don’t dilute
Urine: 1st void
Genital: saline wet swab
Tissue/skin: sterile
Blood: Thick concentration, thin for id
Most common stain and gold standard used for pernmanet smear
trichrome
Trichrome shows…and is what color
background
shows nuclear chromatin
is red-purple
background is blue green
2 stains that also can be used for blood smears
Wright, Giesma
Acid fast for these 3 parasites
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Isopora
Modified trichrome used for
microsporidiosis
Stain used to detect microfilarial sheath
iron hematoxylin stain
Two things used in wet mounts
saline (0.85% NaCl)
Iodine
Saline in wet mount detects
motility, possibly cysts
Iodine in wet mt kills…
enhances..
not perfromed on…
kills trophs
enhances nuclear material of cysts
not performed on preserved
Break down of eos from immune response
Charcot-Leyden crystals
3 types of preservation good for eggs, larvae and amoebic cysts
fridge
10% formalin
MIF
MIF…
Used for…
merthiolate iodine formalin
concentration, preservative
Three ways to preserve for trophs
PVA
SAF
Schaudinns Fluid
PVA
Polyvinyl alcohol
SAF
sodium acetate acetic acid
formalin
trophs, safer than PVA, MIF
Used to preserve fresh stools, good for trophs and cysts
Schaudinns fluid
Best for preservation of amoebic trophs and can prepare pernmanent slides from
PVA
polyvinyl alcohol
Two concentration tecq
which one can detect all parasites, which one misses larges /operculated eggs
formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation: detects all parasites
zinc sulfate flotation: can miss large/operculated eggs
4 layers formed by formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation
formalin
ethyl acetate
sediment (parasites)
debris/fat
Formalin preserves
Ethyl acetate removes
organisms
removes fat/oils
Advantage of Formalin-EA
Disadvantage
can stay in formalin indefine
more debris
Flotation teq where ova, cysts, larvae float to top of sln due to specific gravity but trophs are destroyed
Zinc Sulfate flotation
specific gravity of zinc sulfate
1.18
Disadvantage of zinc sulfate flotation
large eggs (shisto) and operculated (latum) can be missed
Advantage of zinc sulfate
not flammable, cleaner
Tape worm, segmented hermaphrodite, flat worm
Cestode
Fluke, oral and ventral cup shaped suckers
Trematode
Roundworm, bisexual, cylindrical worms
Nematodes
Name of lung fluke
P.westermanni
Two liver flukes
F.hepatica, C.sinensis
Blood fluke genus
Shistosoma
Intestinal fluke genus
Fasciolopsis
Pork tapeworm
Taenia solium
Beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepsis nana
Rat tapeworm
Hymenolepsis diminuta
Sandworm disease, cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption
Ancylostoma braziliense
Roundworm in tissue, muscle biopsy
Trichinella spiralis
4 Tapeworms/Cestodes genus
Taenia
Hymenolepsis
D.latum
Echinosus
6 Roundworm/Nematodes
Trichuris: whip worm
Ascaris
Strongy: threadworm
Enterobius: pin worm
Nector
Ancyclostoma
5 Fluke/Trematodes
Fasciolopsis
Fasciola
Clonorchis
Paragonimus
Shistosoma
bite of deer tick
(Ixodes scapularis) spreads
Babesia
Duffy negative resistance to
P.vivax
Hmg S
G6pd def resistant to
P.falciparum
Large intestinal roundworm, worm ball, larvae in sputum, coughed up and goes to intestine
-needs to be in soil
mammillated or decorticated albuminous coated egg
fertlized and unfertilized
Ascaris lumbricoides
Pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis
1 side flattened, embryonated clear egg
Roundworm in kids, perianal itching at night
high rate of autoreinfection
scotch tape prep
Enterobius vermicularis
Roundworm, whip worm
Trichuris trichiura
Roundworm with football shaped egg with mucoid polar plugs, bile stained
Trichuris trichiura
Round worm, threadworm
Strongyloides stercoralis
Smallest roundworm, free living and parasitic cycle
short buccal cavity
hourglass esophagus
primordial genitalia
notch at end of tail
S.stercoralis
3 stages of Strongy
cutaneous: penetrate skin
lung: larval migrate
GI
Strongy diagnostic forms
filariform larvae penetrate skin
rhabditiform larvae in feces
New world hookworm, cutting plate teeth
-skin penetration
-thin colorless segmented embryo
Necator americanus
Old world hookworm, two teeth
Ancyclostoma duodenale
Infective stage of Hookworm
filariform larva(worm), penetrates skin
Buccal cavity and tail of hookworms compared to Strongy
Hookworm have long buccal and pointed tail
Ground itch and anemia caused by this roundworm
hookworm
Diagnositic for hookworm
egg infeces
Round worm of cat/dogs that is in eye
Toxocara canis
roundworm from marine/raw fish in Japan
anisakis
Nematode from encysted larvae in undercooked meat
muslce biopsy of encysted larvae in striated muscle
Trichinella spiralis
Microfilaria w/sheath, no nuclei in tip of tail
Wuchereria bancrofti, doesn’t tip
Microfilaria w/sheath, 2 nulcei in tip
Brugia malayi, tips 2
Microfilaria w/sheath and nuclei to tip
Loa loa, to the tip
Microfilaria with no sheath and no nuclei in tip
Onchocerca volvulus
Microfilaria causes calabar swellings (under eye) and can go to conjunctiva and cause blindness
Loa loa
Two microfilaria that cause elephantiasis, nocturnal and caused by mosquito
W.bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Microfilariae that is caused by black fly, can cause blindness, and form nodules
Onchocerca volvulus
Microfilaria from canines,fox
heartworms
bite from mosquito
Dirofilaria
Microfilariae passed by Chyrsops deer fly
Loa loa
Microfilaria passed by Simulian black fly
Onchocerca volvulus
Microfilaria passed by mansonia mosquito
Brugia malayi
Microfilaria passed by culex and anopheles mosquito
Wuchereria bancrofti
Ribbon like, proglottids, hermaphroditic, mostly have 4 cup shaped suckers on scolex
Cestodes/tapeworms
Tapeworm with unarmed scolex, 15-30 uternine branches
-radial striations, hooklets ovum
beef tapeworm
T.saginata
Tapeworm with armed scolex, 7-13 uternine branches
-radial striated w/hooklets ovum
eggs hatch in intestine, can penetrate mucosa go to eye, brain etc/cysticercus
pork tapeworm
T.solium
Most common dwarf tapeworm, doesn’t need intermediate host, spread by fleas/beetles, armed
polar filaments, slight bulge at each pole
dwarf tape worm
Hymenolepsis nana
Unarmed rat tapeworm, bettle/flea ingested
no polar filaments
Hymenolepsis diminuta
Broad fish tapeworm
Diphyllobotherium latum
Only cestode to produce operculated eggs
d.latum
spoon shaped scolex,
operculated eggs w/knob at posterior end
causes megaloblastic anemia w/B12 def
fish tape worm
D.latum
Hydatid tapeworm
Hydatid cysts in liver etc
sheet/dog
Echinococcus granulosus
Tapeworm with 3 proglattids, armed scolex, sheep/dog
Echinococcus granulosis
Dog tapeworm
ingest fleas, egg packet, kids
Dipylidium caninum
Genus with Flat leaf shaped, hermaphroditic, snail, mostly eggs
oral and ventral suckers (cup shaped)
eat metacercariae
Trematodes/flukes
Trematode from raw aquatic plants/metacercaria,
very large egg w/small operculum
Fasciolopsis buski
Giant intestinal fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
Trematode from raw aquatic vegetation/metacercaria, sheep/cattle as reservoir
bile duct/liver
Fasciola hepatica
Sheep liver fluke
bile duct
Fasciola hepatica
Chinese liver fluke
bile duct
Clonorchis sinensis
Trematode w/raw fish/metacercaria, Asian countries
operculated shoulders, small knob
bile duct issues
Clonorchis sinensis
C=chinese liver
Oriental lung fluke,
chinese vase
Paragonimus westermani
Only parasitic egg found in sputum
P.westermani
Trematode w/crabs/crawfish/metacercaria
sputum appears to be reddish/brown flecks
operculated shoulders, thick apopercular shell
Paragonimuds westermani
Blood fluke
shistosomes
Trematode with separate male/female
snail intermediate, cercariae go thru skin
Schistosome
Schistosome that lie in veins near bladder, in urine
haematobium
2 schistosomes that lie in veins near intestines, in feces
mansoni+japonicum
Schistosome with conspicous,large lateral spine
intestine veins
mansoni
Schistosome with small, inconspicuous lateral spine
intestine veins
japonicum
Schistosome with terminal spine
bladder veins
haematobium
Cause of swimmers itch from cercariae skin penetration from what genus
Schistosomes
Tania that can cause cysteriosis
Solium
Cestodes spread thru beetle, flea
Hymenolepsis
Cutaneous larva migrans also called…
Organism…
Creeping eruption
Ancyclostoma braziliense
Creeping eruption also called…
Organism…
Cutaneous larva migrans
Ancyclostoma braziliense
Larva currens also called…
Organism
Strongloidiasis
Strongloides
Strongloidiasis also called…
Larva currens
Erythema chronicum migrans also called…
Organism…
Lyme disease
Borellia burgdorfi
Lyme disease called…
Organism…
Erythema chronicum migrans
Borellia burgdorfi
Microsporum mostly macro
…
Trichophyton mostly micro
…
Epidermophyton only club shaped macro
…
Crystals formed by breakdown of EOs for to immune response to parasites
Charcot Leyden
Host that contains the larval form
Intermediate
Host that contains adult sexual form
Definitive
Oncho: no clothes, doesn’t tip
Wuchereria: doesn’t tip
Brugia: tips 2
Loa loa: goes to the tip
…
Wuchereria, Brugia:
-elephantiasis, mosquito
Loa loa:
-Calabar/blindness, deer fly
Onchocerca:
-blindness, nodule, black fly
…
Genus with gravid proglottids passed on feces: segments filled with eggs
Cestodes
Cestodes
Hymenolepsis Nana:
-no intermedi, polar filament, armed
Hymenolepsis Diminuta:
-rat, no polar filaments, unarmed
..
Nematodes, roundworms
Enterobius: pinworm
-kids,perianal itch/migration at night
Ascaris: large intestinal round worm
-big,worm ball,albuminous,sputum
Trichuris: whipworm
-bile, clear polar plugs
Strongly: threadworm
-short buccal, notched trail, genitalia, esophagus, skin
*Nectar: new world hookworm
-plates
-long buccal, pointed tail, clear egg, filariform skin
*Ancyclostoma: Old world hookworm
-teeth
–long buccal, clear egg, filariform skin, ground Itch, anemia
Trichinella: blood/tissue nematode
-encysted larvae in muscle, pigs
…
Cestodes:
*Taenia saginata: beef tapeworm
-unarmed, more branches
*Taenia solium: pork tapeworm
-armed, less branches, cysticercosis
*Hymenolepsis Nana:
dwarf tapeworm
-flea, armed, polar filaments, no interme
*Hymenolepsis Diminuta:
Rat tapeworm
-flea, unarmed, no polar filaments, rat
*Diphyll latum: broadfish tapeworm
-operculated, knob, megalo anemia
*Echino gran: hydatid tapeworm
-armed, sheep/dog, hydatid cysts, hexacanth embryo
*Diphy caninum: dog tapeworm
-fleas, egg packet, kids
…
Trematodes…metacercaria
Fascio buski: giant intestinal fluke
-very large, operculum
Fasciola hepatica: sleep liver fluke
-liver/obstructive jaundice
Clonor sinensis: Chinese liver fluke
-operculated with shoulders, bile duct, Asian
Parawestermani: Oriental lung fluke
-red Brown sputum, operculated with shoulders
Shistosomes: blood fluke
-sepatarate sexes, snail,spine diff
-mansoni: large, lateral
-japon: small lateral
-haema: terminal
…
Two species both have:
rbcs enlarged
young rbcs
schuffners dots
P.ovale and P. vivax have these 3 things in common
