AMT Parasitology Flashcards by Leah McAleer

Pathogenic, 4 nuceli, central karyosome, cigar shaped chromatid, progressive motility

E.histo

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The only Ameba that ingests rbcs and is diagnositic for

E.histo

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Infective, nonmotile, nonfeeding stage of E.histo

cyst

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Identical to E.histo, non patho, doen’t ingest

E.dispar

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Nonpatho, up to 8 irregular nuclei, eccentric karyosome, pointed chromatid, sluggish motility

E.coli

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Similiar to E.histo, smaller and nonpatho

E.hartmanni

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Nonpatho, glycogen vacuole, blot karyosome, no peripheral chromatin

Only ameba with one nucleus in cyst

Iodamoeba butshlii

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nonpatho, smallest ameba, 4 nuclei, blot karyosome, no peripheral chromatin

E.nana

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Two free living amebae

Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp

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Cause of PAM (meningoencephalitis), nasal passage

Naegleria fowleri

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Diagnostic stage of N.fowleri

trophs in CSF

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Ameba in immuncompromised, keratitis, contact lens

Acanthamoba spp

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Vacuolar, granular forms
with 4 nuclei pushed to side,
large center
no cyst

Blastocystis

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6 Flagellates

Dientamoeba fragilis (no flagella though)

Giarlia lamblia
Chilomastix mesnili
Trichomonas spp

trypanosome, leishmania

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Two flagellates with no cyst stage

D.fragilis
T.hominis

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Flagellate with no visible flagella, no cyst, 2 nuclei (each a mass of granules) and pathogenic

Dientamoeba fragilis

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Cause of gasteroenteritis, beaver fever, cyst infective

axostyle, parabasal body, falling leaf motility, old man, sucker on underside, day care

Giardia lamblia

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Nonpatho flagellate

lemon shaped cyst
Spiral grove/cork skrew motility, jaws

Chilomastix
mesnili

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Flagellate, pathogenic, undulating membrane is 1/2 the length

sexually transmitted, urogenital

T.vaginalis

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Flagellate nonpatho, feces, undulating membrane full length, no cyst

T.hominis

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Only ciliate pathogenic to humans

Balantidium coli

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pathogenic ciliate
farmers,pigs

cilia, 2 nuclei (one kidney) macro/micro

Balantidium coli

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Infective stage of Plasmodiium and vector

sporozoites by female Anopheles mosquito

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Stain for plasmodium

Giesma

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Resistant to P.vivax

Duffy neg

These two things resistant to P.falciparum

G6PD def HmgS

Exoerythrocytic phase of plasmodium in what organ

liver

Most infections of babesia by what species

microti

6 sporozoa

Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora Babesia, Plasmodium Toxoplasma

Infective stage of Babesia and what vector

sporozoites bite of deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)

Ring forms in packets of four, maltese cross from what protozoa

Babesia

Diagnostic stage in Giesma for Babesia

Ring forms in packets of four, maltese cross

P.ovale and P. vivax have these 3 things in common

rbcs enlarged young rbcs schuffners dots

Maurers dots seen in which Plasmodium

P.Falciparum

Ziemans stippling seen in which Plasmodium

P.malariae

Crescent or banana shaped gametocytes seen in

P.falciparum

Name of hemoflagellates living in human blood and tissues

trypanosomes

Stage with no flagella, leishmanial form

amastigote

stage with flagella at poterior end

trypomastigote

Two species cause of African sleeping sicknesss

Trypanosoma rhodesiense, gambiense

East sleeping sickness

rhodesiense

West sleeping sickness

gambiense

Infective stage and vector of trypanosoma

trypomastigote, TseTse fly

Diagnostic stage in Giesma of trypanosoma

trypomastigote

Trypanosoma cruzi disease name, infective, and vector

Chagas tyrpomastigote feces of reduvid bug (T.infestans)

Diagnostic stage of T.cruzi in Giesma

tryptomastigote

What two forms and where can be found to diagnosis T.cruzi

Amastigote in heart Trypomastigote in blood

Trypanosome that can be spread thru transfusions and seen in heart muscle

T.cruzi

Obligate intracellular parasite, flagellate kala azar amastigote in WBCs, RE cells

Leishmania

Leishmania infective stage, vector and diagnostic

promatigotes sandfly diagnostic: amastigote in macrophage

Genus with amastigote in macrophage in Giesma from skin lesions (LD bodies)

Leishmania

3 parasites spread thru transfusions

Trypanosoma (chagas) Plasmodium Babesia

Diagnostic and infective stage for intestinal cocidia/sporozoan

oocysts

Coccidia/Sporozoan transmitted via fecal, self limiting, AIDs, acid fast oocyts

Cryptosporidium parvum

Intestinal coccidia/sporozoan with infective oocysts, contaminated produce/summer

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Sporozoan where human is definitive host, anorexia, diarrhea oocysts/sporoblasts in feces

Isospora belli

Obligate intracellular, opportunisitics/AIDS ingest spores w/polar tubule

Microsporidia

Diagnosis of microsporidia

trichrome

Tissue cocidia cat feces/undercooked meat, death of fetus, AIDs oocyts

Toxoplasma gondii

4 parasites spread thru blood

Plasmodium Babesia Leishmania (macrophages) Trypanosome(plasma)

Cause of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) immunocompromised

Pneumocystis jiroveci, carinii

Stain for P.jiroveci/carinii

GM silver stain Gomoris methenamine silver stain

Another name for Flukes

Trematodes

5 trematodes/flukes

CFF, SP Clonorchis Fasciola Fasciolopsis Schistosoma Paragonimus

Giant intestinal fluke

Fasciolopsis buski

Chinese liver fluke

Clonorchis sinensis

Sheep liver fluke

Fasciola hepatica

1 Blood Fluke 3 species

Shistosoma japonicum, mansoni haematobium

1 Lung Fluke

Paragonimus westermani

Cestodes are

Tapeworms

3 intestinal tapeworms/cestodes 1 tissue

D.latum Taenia Hymenolepsis E.granulosus

Larval form in tissue Cestode/tapeworm

Echinococcus granulosus

How many specimens recommended, frequency and over how many days for parasites

3 specimens every other day, over 10 days

How soon need to examine liquid specimens if not in preservative

30min of passage

How soon to examine soft specimens if not in preservative

1hr

How soon to examine formed stool if not in preservative or refridgerated

24hrs

Do not collect specimens that contain these 3 things and why

urine: destroy motile water: free living oil/barium enema: protozoa may become undetectable

Collection of specimens in general

Sputum: early morning CSF: don't dilute Urine: 1st void Genital: saline wet swab Tissue/skin: sterile Blood: Thick concentration, thin for id

Most common stain and gold standard used for pernmanet smear

trichrome

Trichrome shows...and is what color background

shows nuclear chromatin is red-purple background is blue green

2 stains that also can be used for blood smears

Wright, Giesma

Acid fast for these 3 parasites

Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Isopora

Modified trichrome used for

microsporidiosis

Stain used to detect microfilarial sheath

iron hematoxylin stain

Two things used in wet mounts

saline (0.85% NaCl) Iodine

Saline in wet mount detects

motility, possibly cysts

Iodine in wet mt kills... enhances.. not perfromed on...

kills trophs enhances nuclear material of cysts not performed on preserved

Break down of eos from immune response

Charcot-Leyden crystals

3 types of preservation good for eggs, larvae and amoebic cysts

fridge 10% formalin MIF

MIF... Used for...

merthiolate iodine formalin concentration, preservative

Three ways to preserve for trophs

PVA SAF Schaudinns Fluid

PVA

Polyvinyl alcohol

SAF

sodium acetate acetic acid formalin trophs, safer than PVA, MIF

Used to preserve fresh stools, good for trophs and cysts

Schaudinns fluid

Best for preservation of amoebic trophs and can prepare pernmanent slides from

PVA polyvinyl alcohol

Two concentration tecq which one can detect all parasites, which one misses larges /operculated eggs

formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation: detects all parasites zinc sulfate flotation: can miss large/operculated eggs

4 layers formed by formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation

formalin ethyl acetate sediment (parasites) debris/fat

Formalin preserves Ethyl acetate removes

organisms removes fat/oils

Advantage of Formalin-EA Disadvantage

can stay in formalin indefine more debris

Flotation teq where ova, cysts, larvae float to top of sln due to specific gravity but trophs are destroyed

Zinc Sulfate flotation

specific gravity of zinc sulfate

1.18

Disadvantage of zinc sulfate flotation

large eggs (shisto) and operculated (latum) can be missed

Advantage of zinc sulfate

not flammable, cleaner

Tape worm, segmented hermaphrodite, flat worm

Cestode

Fluke, oral and ventral cup shaped suckers

Trematode

Roundworm, bisexual, cylindrical worms

Nematodes

Name of lung fluke

P.westermanni

Two liver flukes

F.hepatica, C.sinensis

Blood fluke genus

Shistosoma

Intestinal fluke genus

Fasciolopsis

Pork tapeworm

Taenia solium

Beef tapeworm

Taenia saginata

Dwarf tapeworm

Hymenolepsis nana

Rat tapeworm

Hymenolepsis diminuta

Sandworm disease, cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption

Ancylostoma braziliense

Roundworm in tissue, muscle biopsy

Trichinella spiralis

4 Tapeworms/Cestodes genus

Taenia Hymenolepsis D.latum Echinosus

6 Roundworm/Nematodes

Trichuris: whip worm Ascaris Strongy: threadworm Enterobius: pin worm Nector Ancyclostoma

5 Fluke/Trematodes

Fasciolopsis Fasciola Clonorchis Paragonimus Shistosoma

bite of deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) spreads

Babesia

Duffy negative resistance to

P.vivax

Hmg S G6pd def resistant to

P.falciparum

Large intestinal roundworm, worm ball, larvae in sputum, coughed up and goes to intestine -needs to be in soil mammillated or decorticated albuminous coated egg fertlized and unfertilized

Ascaris lumbricoides

Pinworm

Enterobius vermicularis

1 side flattened, embryonated clear egg Roundworm in kids, perianal itching at night high rate of autoreinfection scotch tape prep

Enterobius vermicularis

Roundworm, whip worm

Trichuris trichiura

Roundworm with football shaped egg with mucoid polar plugs, bile stained

Trichuris trichiura

Round worm, threadworm

Strongyloides stercoralis

Smallest roundworm, free living and parasitic cycle short buccal cavity hourglass esophagus primordial genitalia notch at end of tail

S.stercoralis

3 stages of Strongy

cutaneous: penetrate skin lung: larval migrate GI

Strongy diagnostic forms

filariform larvae penetrate skin rhabditiform larvae in feces

New world hookworm, cutting plate teeth -skin penetration -thin colorless segmented embryo

Necator americanus

Old world hookworm, two teeth

Ancyclostoma duodenale

Infective stage of Hookworm

filariform larva(worm), penetrates skin

Buccal cavity and tail of hookworms compared to Strongy

Hookworm have long buccal and pointed tail

Ground itch and anemia caused by this roundworm

hookworm

Diagnositic for hookworm

egg infeces

Round worm of cat/dogs that is in eye

Toxocara canis

roundworm from marine/raw fish in Japan

anisakis

Nematode from encysted larvae in undercooked meat muslce biopsy of encysted larvae in striated muscle

Trichinella spiralis

Microfilaria w/sheath, no nuclei in tip of tail

Wuchereria bancrofti, doesn't tip

Microfilaria w/sheath, 2 nulcei in tip

Brugia malayi, tips 2

Microfilaria w/sheath and nuclei to tip

Loa loa, to the tip

Microfilaria with no sheath and no nuclei in tip

Onchocerca volvulus

Microfilaria causes calabar swellings (under eye) and can go to conjunctiva and cause blindness

Loa loa

Two microfilaria that cause elephantiasis, nocturnal and caused by mosquito

W.bancrofti Brugia malayi

Microfilariae that is caused by black fly, can cause blindness, and form nodules

Onchocerca volvulus

Microfilaria from canines,fox heartworms bite from mosquito

Dirofilaria

Microfilariae passed by Chyrsops deer fly

Loa loa

Microfilaria passed by Simulian black fly

Onchocerca volvulus

Microfilaria passed by mansonia mosquito

Brugia malayi

Microfilaria passed by culex and anopheles mosquito

Wuchereria bancrofti

Ribbon like, proglottids, hermaphroditic, mostly have 4 cup shaped suckers on scolex

Cestodes/tapeworms

Tapeworm with unarmed scolex, 15-30 uternine branches -radial striations, hooklets ovum beef tapeworm

T.saginata

Tapeworm with armed scolex, 7-13 uternine branches -radial striated w/hooklets ovum eggs hatch in intestine, can penetrate mucosa go to eye, brain etc/cysticercus pork tapeworm

T.solium

Most common dwarf tapeworm, doesn't need intermediate host, spread by fleas/beetles, armed polar filaments, slight bulge at each pole dwarf tape worm

Hymenolepsis nana

Unarmed rat tapeworm, bettle/flea ingested no polar filaments

Hymenolepsis diminuta

Broad fish tapeworm

Diphyllobotherium latum

Only cestode to produce operculated eggs

d.latum

spoon shaped scolex, operculated eggs w/knob at posterior end causes megaloblastic anemia w/B12 def fish tape worm

D.latum

Hydatid tapeworm Hydatid cysts in liver etc sheet/dog

Echinococcus granulosus

Tapeworm with 3 proglattids, armed scolex, sheep/dog

Echinococcus granulosis

Dog tapeworm ingest fleas, egg packet, kids

Dipylidium caninum

Genus with Flat leaf shaped, hermaphroditic, snail, mostly eggs oral and ventral suckers (cup shaped) eat metacercariae

Trematodes/flukes

Trematode from raw aquatic plants/metacercaria, very large egg w/small operculum

Fasciolopsis buski

Giant intestinal fluke

Fasciolopsis buski

Trematode from raw aquatic vegetation/metacercaria, sheep/cattle as reservoir bile duct/liver

Fasciola hepatica

Sheep liver fluke bile duct

Fasciola hepatica

Chinese liver fluke bile duct

Clonorchis sinensis

Trematode w/raw fish/metacercaria, Asian countries operculated shoulders, small knob bile duct issues

Clonorchis sinensis C=chinese liver

Oriental lung fluke, chinese vase

Paragonimus westermani

Only parasitic egg found in sputum

P.westermani

Trematode w/crabs/crawfish/metacercaria sputum appears to be reddish/brown flecks operculated shoulders, thick apopercular shell

Paragonimuds westermani

Blood fluke

shistosomes

Trematode with separate male/female snail intermediate, cercariae go thru skin

Schistosome

Schistosome that lie in veins near bladder, in urine

haematobium

2 schistosomes that lie in veins near intestines, in feces

mansoni+japonicum

Schistosome with conspicous,large lateral spine intestine veins

mansoni

Schistosome with small, inconspicuous lateral spine intestine veins

japonicum

Schistosome with terminal spine bladder veins

haematobium

Cause of swimmers itch from cercariae skin penetration from what genus

Schistosomes

Tania that can cause cysteriosis

Solium

Cestodes spread thru beetle, flea

Hymenolepsis

Cutaneous larva migrans also called... Organism...

Creeping eruption Ancyclostoma braziliense

Creeping eruption also called... Organism...

Cutaneous larva migrans Ancyclostoma braziliense

Larva currens also called... Organism

Strongloidiasis Strongloides

Strongloidiasis also called...

Larva currens

Erythema chronicum migrans also called... Organism...

Lyme disease Borellia burgdorfi

Lyme disease called... Organism...

Erythema chronicum migrans Borellia burgdorfi

Microsporum mostly macro

...

Trichophyton mostly micro

...

Epidermophyton only club shaped macro

...

Crystals formed by breakdown of EOs for to immune response to parasites

Charcot Leyden

Host that contains the larval form

Intermediate

Host that contains adult sexual form

Definitive

Oncho: no clothes, doesn't tip Wuchereria: doesn't tip Brugia: tips 2 Loa loa: goes to the tip

...

Wuchereria, Brugia: -elephantiasis, mosquito Loa loa: -Calabar/blindness, deer fly Onchocerca: -blindness, nodule, black fly

...

Genus with gravid proglottids passed on feces: segments filled with eggs

Cestodes

Cestodes Hymenolepsis Nana: -no intermedi, polar filament, armed Hymenolepsis Diminuta: -rat, no polar filaments, unarmed

Nematodes, roundworms Enterobius: pinworm -kids,perianal itch/migration at night Ascaris: large intestinal round worm -big,worm ball,albuminous,sputum Trichuris: whipworm -bile, clear polar plugs Strongly: threadworm -short buccal, notched trail, genitalia, esophagus, skin *Nectar: new world hookworm -plates -long buccal, pointed tail, clear egg, filariform skin *Ancyclostoma: Old world hookworm -teeth --long buccal, clear egg, filariform skin, ground Itch, anemia Trichinella: blood/tissue nematode -encysted larvae in muscle, pigs

...

Cestodes: *Taenia saginata: beef tapeworm -unarmed, more branches *Taenia solium: pork tapeworm -armed, less branches, cysticercosis *Hymenolepsis Nana: dwarf tapeworm -flea, armed, polar filaments, no interme *Hymenolepsis Diminuta: Rat tapeworm -flea, unarmed, no polar filaments, rat *Diphyll latum: broadfish tapeworm -operculated, knob, megalo anemia *Echino gran: hydatid tapeworm -armed, sheep/dog, hydatid cysts, hexacanth embryo *Diphy caninum: dog tapeworm -fleas, egg packet, kids

...

Trematodes...metacercaria Fascio buski: giant intestinal fluke -very large, operculum Fasciola hepatica: sleep liver fluke -liver/obstructive jaundice Clonor sinensis: Chinese liver fluke -operculated with shoulders, bile duct, Asian Parawestermani: Oriental lung fluke -red Brown sputum, operculated with shoulders Shistosomes: blood fluke -sepatarate sexes, snail,spine diff -mansoni: large, lateral -japon: small lateral -haema: terminal

...

Two species both have: rbcs enlarged young rbcs schuffners dots

P.ovale and P. vivax have these 3 things in common