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3.)AMT Basic Quick > AMT basic > Flashcards

AMT basic Flashcards

1
Q

Deca:

Deci:

Centi:

Milli:

A

Deca: 10^1

Deci: 10^-1

Centi: 10^-2

Milli: 10^-3

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2
Q

fastest turnaround time

A

WB

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3
Q

LDL calc

A

TC - (TG/5 + HDL)

TC= cholesterol

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4
Q

Centrifuge: head/rotor, carriers/shields

RCF: relative centrifugal force calc

centrifugar force depends on three factors…

recommended RCF and rpm/time

A

1.118 x 10^-5 x r x rpm^2

mass, speed, radius

1.118x10-5 is the angular velocity
AAB study guide says 1.18

RCF 1-1200 or 3500rpm 10-15min

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5
Q

Horizontal/Swinging:

fixed angle good to…

microcentrifuge for smaller than…

ultracentrifuge rpm, for….

A

Horizontal/Swinging:
horizontal when spinning

fixed angle good to…sediment small particles faster

microcentrifuge for smaller than…<2ml

ultracentrifuge rpm, for….150,000rpm, chylomicrons

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6
Q

Pipettes:

Semiautomatic: recalibrate…/yr with…

Most accurate pipette, has accuracy of…

Pipette that is rinsed after 1st liquid drains….

Pipette that drains by gravity, tip to side….

Pippette w/2 frosted bands……

A

Pipettes:

Semiautomatic: recalibrate…/yr with…
4x/yr, gravimetric(wt=vol, water) or volumetric(dye into water, spectropho)

Most accurate pipette, has accuracy of…
volumetric/transfer 1:1000

Pipette that is rinsed after 1st liquid drains….
TC to contain

Pipette that drains by gravity, tip to side….
TD to deliver

Pippette w/2 frosted bands……
blow out remaining drop

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7
Q

Inspected etc…

Centrifuges for time/speed w/NIST…

Calibrations:

automatic pipetters…..

BSA hoods, thermometers w/NIST….

CLIA lab inspections….

A

Inspected etc…

Centrifuges for time/speed w/NIST…6 mths
-use daily, need to do more often

Calibrations 6mths

automatic pipettes…quarterly, every 4 mths

BSA hoods, thermometers w/NIST….yearly

CLIA lab inspections….2yrs

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8
Q

Microscopes…best for

Brightfield…

Darkfield…

Electron…

Fluorescent…

Phase contrast…

Polarized…

Diff. interference contrast/DIC….

A

Microscopes…best for

Brightfield…white light, low contrast of bio

Darkfield…collect scattered light, spirochete

Electron…electrons,enlarged image, tumor markers, tissue

Fluorescent…high enery emits lower, ANA

Phase contrast…phase shifts, diff in refractive index/contrast, manual PLT cts

Polarized…transmitted polarized light, crystals

Diff. interference contrast/DIC….recominbation of light, 3D

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9
Q

2 electron microscopes for virology/cells

beam of electrons thru specimen, fluorescent screen/plate >100,000x

beam electrons strikes surface of specimen, photographic fil/cathode ray tube, 3D image >1000x

A

2 electron microscopes for virology/cells

tranmission
beam of electrons thru specimen, fluorescent screen/plate >100,000x

scanning
beam electrons strikes surface of specimen, photographic fil/cathode ray tube, 3D image >1000x

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10
Q

Temp calculations…

C to F:

F to C:

C to K:

95F=C
95C=F

A

C to F: 5/9 x (F-32)

F to C: (9/5xC) + 32

C to K: C+273

95F=35C

95C=203F

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11
Q

37C EQUALS…F

A

98.6F

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12
Q

M:E ratio

what is counted as myeloid, what isn’t

what is examples of erythroid

A

M:E

M=myeloid, blast count as myeloid
-not lymphs/monos

E=normo/erthroblast/rubricytes

The normal M:E ratio in adults varies from 1.2:1 to 5:1 myeloid cells to nucleated erythroid cells. An increased M:E ratio (6:1) may be seen in infection, chronic myelogenous leukemia or erythroid hypoplasia. A decreased M:E ratio (<1.2-1) may mean a decrease in granulocytes or an increase in erythroid cells. M:E ratios are somewhat higher in newborns and infancy than in later childhood and in adults. It is important to note that lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells are not included in the M:E ratio.

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13
Q

Molarity calc…

Normality calc…

A

Molary= gmv/L, want mol/L

Normality= 1 Eq(each H)/gmw

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14
Q

Osmality NV, calc

Osmolar gap…

A

Osmality 275-295, 1.86Na+Glu/18+BUN/2.8

Gap is measured-calculated

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15
Q

SD is the…

CV is a measure of…
calc…
acceptable CV…

QC is a measure of…

A

SD is the square root of variance
needs min 20 values

Square root of (sum of squared differences from the mean)/N-1

CV measures precision
SD/mean x100, <5% acceptable

QC measures reliability

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16
Q

Confidence intervals is probability of estimated range, degree of uncertainty

1SD=

2SD=

3SD=

acceptable SD for lab/ranges CTRLs are in….

A

Confidence intervals is probability of estimated range, degree of uncertainty

1SD= 68%

2SD= 95%

3SD= 99%

acceptable SD for lab/ranges CTRLs are in…2SD
-to find 1SD you find mean, diff on each side is 2SD/2

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17
Q

pH, Henderson equa…

normal pH…

bicarb:acid…

A

pH= pka + log (salt/acid) or (A/HA)

normal pH 7.4

bicard:acid 20:1

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18
Q

Beers law:
-concentration=energy absorbed A=abc
-transmitted in inverse=A=2-log%T

Concentration/absorbance calc…

A

Concen unk/Con Std = Abs unk/Abs std

Get Unknown on one side first

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19
Q

Who catergorizes/grades tests based on complexicity…

Who determines if test can be waived…

Most lab complexicity…

PPM is what complexcity…

High complexcity tests….

A

Who catergorizes/grades tests based on complexicity…FDA

Who determines if test can be waived…HHS

Most lab complexicity…moderate

PPM is what complexcity…moderate

High complexcity tests….
-modified FDA cleared
-LDT(lab developed)
-cytology
-serogrouping/gel immuno/electro/flow
-pap

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20
Q

Proficiency testing:

Required by…up to…/yr…
Not required for…

These two can inspect…
This dept approves PT program…

Keep copy of PT for…

Unsuccessful PT…
-common causes of failure….

Alternate PT testing….

A

Proficiency testing:

Required by CMS under CLIA, 3x/yr
Not required for…waived

These two can inspect…CMS, HHS
This dept approves PT program…HHS

Keep copy of PT for…2yrs (as most records)

Unsuccessful PT…
-SAME analyte in 2 CONSECUTIVE testing events or 2/3 testing events
-common causes of failure: clerical, instrument method/codes, calibration bias, late turn in

Alternate PT testing….
-SPLIT sample testing w/ref/other lab or established in house
-clin validation by chart review
-participate in ungraded/educational PT program

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21
Q

Most errors occur in …and….analytical areas

PRE: %, if oral need written w/in…

Analytical: %, most common error

POST: % most common error

Keep records for…BB for…Pathology for…

A

Most errors occur in pre and post phase

PRE: 46%, oral ok/written w/in 30 days
-Joint commision national PT safety std=need to PT ids

Analytical: 8%, specimen integrity

POST: 47%, clerical error

records 2yrs, BB 5yrs/products 6mths after expire/Pathology 10yrs

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22
Q

Warning error…what to do if 1CTRL is out…

Random errors due to…causes

Systemic erros due to these 3…
-name of gradual loss/drift from mean/causes
-name of abrupt change/causes

A

1st #=how many out consecutively
2nd #=SD

Warning error…what to do if 1CTRL is out…
-1-2S: repeat same CTRL

Random errors due to… 1-3SD, R-4S
-unpredictable, preventable
-pipetitng, electronics, HIL
-R4S= 2 concensutive outside 4SD

Systemic erros due to these 3…
-2-2S, 4-1S, 10x
-name of gradual loss/drift from mean/causes: deterioation, accumulation, aging

-name of abrupt change/causes: reagent/lot change, maintenance, temp

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23
Q

Steps in out of range CTRLS…

1.)if only 1-2S…
2)If still out…
3.)still out…
4.)
5.)
6.)

A

Steps in out of range CTRLS…

1.)if only 1-2S rerun same CTRL 1x
2)New vial CTRL/new lot
3.)reagents, maintenance, specimen
4.)recalibrate/redo ctrls
5.)assistance, document corrective action

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24
Q

Safety training/Blood borne training/Chenmical hygiene/TB plan done…
-safety records kept…

DOT training w/in…every….

A

Safety/blood borne/chemical hygiene 1yr
-safety records kept 3yrs

DOT w/in 90 days, 3 yrs

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25
Q

NFPA HAZMAT DIAMOND COLORS/MEANING

A

Health: blue
Flamability: red
Instability: yellow
Special: white
-W: water reactive
-OX: oxidizer

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26
Q

Hazard Communication Std requires….on labels to alert…

examples…8

A

requires pictograms on labels to alert chemical hazards

-Health
-Environment
-Skull crossbone
-gas cylinder
-flame over circle
-exploding bomb
-flame
-exclamation mark

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27
Q

Health pictogram/Human: takes time, toxicity(not acute), cancer causing…6

A

Health: toxicity
-carcinogen, mutangenicity
-reproductive/organ toxicity
-respiration/aspiraton toxicity

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28
Q

Corrosion/hand-item: 4

A

Corrosion:
-skin corrosion/burns
-eye damage
-metal corrosion

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29
Q

Flame over circle: 1

A

flame over circle=oxidizer

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30
Q

Skull crossbone: 1

A

Skull cross bone
-acute toxicity/fatal

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31
Q

exploding bomb: 3

A

exploding bomb
-explosives
-self reactive/organic peroxides

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32
Q

exclamation mark: 6
often irritants/sensitizer

A

exclamation mark:
-skin/eye/respiratory irritant
-skin sensitizer

-acute toxicity
-narcotic affect
-ozone layer

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33
Q

Environment/fish:1 optional

A

aquatic toxicity

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34
Q

Flame: heat/flame 6

A

Flame/heat:
-flammables, pyrophorics
-emits flammable gas

-self heating, self reactives
-organic peroxides

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35
Q

TB plan reviewed…Class…BSC…

Plan to protect employees from heath hazards with hazardous chemicals…

Std related to blood/BF and contaminated items…
Plan that lays out potential risks, measures taken if exposed to bloodborne pathogens….

Universal precautions:
-all PTs/blood/BF/tissues/needles potentially infectious and contaminated with these 3…
-examples of BF that can spread these…

Primary mode of infection throgh these 2..

Post exposure testing…save blood for…

A

TB plan review anually, Class 2 BSC

Plan to protect employees from heath hazards with hazardous chemicals…
-Chemical hygiene plan

Std related to blood/BF and contaminated items…Bloodborn pathogen std
Plan that lays out potential risks, measures taken if exposed to bloodborne pathogens….exposure plan

Universal precautions: HIV, HBV, HCV
-blood, semen/vaginal, CSF/synovial/serous, amniotic, salive in dental, unfixed tissue/organs

primary mode:
-puncture/broken skin, contact
-mucous membrane

Hep B vaccine: available 10 days employment

Post exposure testing:
-3,6,12mths
-save blood 90days

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36
Q

HIV:

-dominant one, grps;
-slower, grps:
-incubation average:
-AIDs CD4 <, TH/Tctyo, category:

-Bacteria:
-Fungal:
-Viral:
-Parasites:

-Testing:

-Treatment:

A

HIV:

-dominant one, grps: HIV1, M,N,O
-slower, grps: HIV2 A,B
-incubation average: 18mths
-AIDs CD4 <, TH/Tctyo: <200, 1:2, 0.5, cat3

-Bacteria: mycobacterium
-Fungal: crypto neo, canida
-Viral: HBV, EBV, CMV, HSV
-Parasites: Pneumocystis, Crytpsporidium, Toxcoplasma

-Testing: Qual/ELISA, Quant/RNA NAT

-Treatment: HAART, AZT

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37
Q

How many classes of Biosafety Cabinet(BSC)..

One lab use…

Certified…and then…

A

There are 3 but 2 has two subclasses

Class 2a

Certified upon installation, then annually

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38
Q

Class BSC completely closed, neg pressure, most protection
-air coming in is filter sterlized, rubber gloves

A

Class 3

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39
Q

Class BSC that only sterilizes air being exhausted, ventilated outside, negative pressure

A

Class 1

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40
Q

Class BSC that most labs use:
-self contained, laminar flow, sash
-air exhausted and over material sterilized
-air recirculated thru HEPA

A

Class 2a

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41
Q

Class BSC used for radioisotopes, toxic chemicals, carcinogens

A

Class 2b

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42
Q

BioSafety cabinets

BSC 1
-exhaust air sterlized, neg pressure

BSC 2
-exhause+material air sterlized
-laminar flow, sash
a. most labs use, HEPA filter
b. radioisotopes, toxic chem, carcinogens

BSC 3
-most protecting, closed with gloves
-air coming in filtered

A
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43
Q

How many BSL biosafety level are there…
One that most std micro labs use..

A

4
BSL 1

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44
Q

BSL due to dangerous, aerosol trasmitted, fetal, no vaccine/treatment
-all precautions of other BSL plus clothing change/shower/decontamination
-most organisms are…

A

BSL 4

ebola, lassa, marburg viruses

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45
Q

BSL for indigenous, serious/letal thru inhalation
-controlled access, decontamination
-example microbes

A

BSL 3
-TB, Brucella, Y.petis, antracis, C.immitis

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46
Q

BSL most used in std micro labs:
-not usually cause of disease
-2 examples of microbes

A

BSL 1
B.subtilis(dry heat QC), E.coli

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47
Q

BSL used when theres risk of sharp injury, ingesting, mucous membrane
-biohazard signs, sharps precautions,manual
-example microbes

A

BSL 2
-S.aurea, Ecoli H157, Kpneumo, HBV/HIV

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48
Q

Biosafety levels

BSL 1:
-most common in lab, not likey issue
-B.subtilis, E.coli

BSL 2:
-sharp/ingest/mucous route
-warning signs/sharps, manual
-Common pathogens: S.aureus, EcoliH157, Kpneumo, HBV/HIV

BSL 3:
-indigenous, serious/lethal, inhale
-controlled access, decontamination
-TB, Brucella, Y.petis, anthracis, C.immitis

BSL 4:
-most letal, no vaccine/treatment, aerosol
-virus: eboal, lassa, marburg

A

.

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49
Q

Chlorine, propane, nitrous oxide, CO2 all examples of…

A

liquified compressed gas

50
Q

oxygen, nitrogen, helium, argon all examples of

A

nonliquified compressed gas

51
Q

acetylene example of

a colorless pungent-smelling hydrocarbon gas, which burns with a bright flame, used in welding and formerly in lighting

A

dissolved compressed gas

52
Q

Flashpt F/C..
lowest temp a vapor of flammable liquid can be ignited into air

examples…
keep in…

A

<100F/37.8C

acetone, ethanol, methanol, xylene

flammable liquid safety cabinet

53
Q

Environmental CTRLS:
safety color coding…
all usually color with black letters

Red code for, examples…

Yellow code, example…

Orange code, examples….

A

Environmental CTRLS:
safety color coding…

Red code for, examples…
-fire, danger, stop: fire pull, biomed)

Yellow code, example…
-caution: radiation

Orange code, examples….
-warning: biohazard, infectious agent(fluoursecent orange)

54
Q

NFPA color coded labels recommended by OSHA..

red diamond:

yellow diamond:

blue diamond:

white diamond:

A

NFPA color coded labels recommended by OSHA..

red diamond: fire
-0=won’t burn, 4=flashpt <73F

yellow diamond: reactivity
-0=stable, 4=detonate

blue diamond: health
-0=normal, 4=death

white diamond: specific
-ACID, ALK, COR, OXY
-radioactive, use no water

55
Q

Class Fires/Extinguishers how many classes

A

4, A-D

56
Q

Class fire/extinguisher with combustible metals…
examples of metals..

A

Class D combustible metals
Mg,Li,Na, K

yellow decagon, no #

57
Q

Class fire/extinguisher with energized electrical equipment…
examples..

A

Class C energized electrical equip
analyzers, wiring, outlets

blue circlen no #

58
Q

Class fire/extinguisher with ordinary combustible..
examples..

A

Class A
paper,wood,cloth, some rubber plastic

green triangle, # is amt of water

59
Q

Class fire/extinguisher with flammable/combustible liquids..
examples..

A

Class B
gases, greases, some rubber/plastic
acetone,ethanol,methanol, xylene

red square, # is sq ft can extinguish

60
Q

Fire/extinguisher acronyms…

Fire acronym…

Extinguisher acronym…

A

Fire: RACE to the fire
-R: rescule
-A: alarm, call operator
-C: contain
-E: extinguish or evacate

Extinguisher: PASS the extinguisher
-Pull the pin
-Aim at base
-Squeeze
-Sweep side to side

61
Q

Regulates disposal of waste…

DOT HMR used in most labs…

A

EPA

DOT HMR: cat B
-not in form cause harm/fatal, triple packing

62
Q

Federal law defines min wage, OT, how to be paid…
-exempt versus nonexempt:

Law prohibits discriimination, Title 7:

Law that prohibits discriminatin w/disabilities:

Law that allow for continued health insurance when retire/resign/laid off/chage to PT…

Law that protects health insurance when changing jobs and protects health info…

A

Federal law defines min wage, OT, how to be paid…Fair Labor Std Act
-exempt: salary, nonexempt hourly

Law prohibit discriimination,Title 7:
Civil right

Law that prohibits discriminatin w/disabilities: Americeans Disabilities act

Law that allow for continued health insurance when retire/resign/laid off/chage to PT…COBRA 18/36mths

Law that protects health insurance when changing jobs and protects health info…
-Health Insurance Portability and Accountablity Act

63
Q

If get PLT ct and volume and want new concentration and volume use…

A

C1xV1=C2xV2

64
Q

Competency for high complexity done

A

Initially, 6mths, 1yr, annually

65
Q

2 accredidate healthcare organizations, 1 of them accrediates programs

A

JCAHO

CAP

66
Q

EDTA prevents clotting by chelating

A

Ca2

67
Q

Heparin prevents clotting by neutralizing

A

thrombin

prevents hemolysis

68
Q

Sodium citrate prevents clotting by binding

A

Ca2

69
Q

Order of draw for evacuated tubes/filling from syringe…6 tubes

A

blood culture
blue

red/gold
green

EDTA
gray

70
Q

Order of draw microcollection from capillary 4 tubes

A

blood gas
pink
other
serum

71
Q

increased specificity means decreased…

A

false positive
good for confirmatory

72
Q

Increased sensitivity means decreased … …

A

false negs

good for screening

73
Q

true pos

false pos

true neg

false neg

A

true pos: pos who has disease

false pos: pos who doesn’t have

true neg: neg who doesnt have

false neg: neg who has

74
Q

Total pos/Total pos+False neg x 100

A

diagnostic sensitivity

w/disease test pos

75
Q

total neg/total neg+false pos x100

A

diagnostic specificity

w/out disease test neg

76
Q

total pos/total pos+false pos x100

A

positive predictive value
time that a pos is correct

77
Q

total neg/total neg+false neg x100

A

negative predictive value

time a neg is correct

78
Q

Volumetric accuracy

A

1:1000

79
Q

PT required by… Under…
PT done…/yr

% to pass in lab, % BB etc
Fail PT

Copy of PT kept ..

A

PT required by CMS Under CLIA
PT done 3x/yr

80% to pass in lab, 100% BB etc
Fail PT:
2 consec, same analyzer or
2/3 events

Copy of PT kept ..

80
Q

Inspection of accredited land by CMS, HHS every

oSHA SAFETY EVERY…KEPT…

A

INSPECTION CMS/HHS 2 years

OSHA SAFETY YEARLY,KEPT 3 YRS

Blood borne path training yearly

81
Q

Opportunisitc pathogens in HIV:
Parasites

A

Opportunisitc pathogens in HIV:
Parasites
-crytosporidium
-pneumocystis
-toxoplasma

viral
-HBV, CMV, EBV, HSV

Fungal
-candida
-Cryptococcus

Bacteria
-mycobacterium

82
Q

Hep A: fecal/oral, vaccine

HepB: sex/iv/trans, mostly
asymptomatic, vaccine

HepC: sex/iv/trans, ALT

HepD: iv/hemophil, needs HBV

Hep E: epidemic/sporadic developing countries, similiar to A fecal.oral

A

….

83
Q

Hep markers order 6

A

-HBV DNA
-HBsAg
-HBeAg

-anti-HBc
-anti-HBe
-anti-HBs

84
Q

Hep B

first detected..using…HBV DNA,NAT

acute/infectious…HBsAg,HBeAg

viral rep/most infectious….HBeAg

previous infection/recovery..anti-HBc

infection resolving,immunity…anti-HBs

vaccination…anti-HBs

A
85
Q

Two types HIV…

3 groups…

incubation period…mths

aids ct….
cd4:cd8 normal… HIV…

test ELISA HIV1/2, if neg no need test further, if reactive diff between two with NAT

A

Two types HIV…1 dominant, 2 slower

3 groups…M,N,O

incubation period…mths

aids ct….18ths, 200cell/microL

cd4:cd8
normal…>1.5
HIV…<0.5

86
Q

BSC: 1,2,3

Bioterrrism: A,B,C

BSL: 1,2,3,4

A

BSC: 1,2,3
1 least protective
2A labs use, certified yearly
3 most protective

Bioterrrism: A,B,C
A: highest priority, rare, easily diss
-smallpox,plague, botulism
B: moderate, salmonella,typhus,vibrio
C: emerging, nipah,hanta
There is no D!

BSL: 1,2,3,4
1: cause least disease (e.coli, subtiliis)
2: disease thru cut etc, HIV
3: inhalation (tb), immitis, anthracis
4: aerosol, fatal, no vacccine (ebola)

87
Q

centrifuge speed: 6mths

thermometers checked: yearly
BSA hoods: yearly

automated pippetes: 4x year/quarterly

A
88
Q

What is the order of draw for multiple evacuated tubes?

A

Blood culture (aerobic)
blood culture (anaerobic),

blue
red,
green stopper

lavender,
gray

When collecting multiple tubes of blood, a specified “order of draw” protocol needs to be followed to diminish the possibility of cross contamination between tubes caused by the presence of different additives. Errors in the order of draw can affect laboratory test results.

89
Q

Order of draw for BD microtainer

A

Lavendar

green/mint green
grey
gold

red

90
Q

Capillary order of draw: 4

A

Blood gases
EDTA

other additive mini
serum

91
Q

3 LAYERS of anticoagulated blood and they’re components/%

Top: 55%
plasma
-90% water
-10% solutes

middle: 1%
buffy coat
-WBC,PLT

bottom: 45%
rbc

A

BLUE: 3.2% citrate, 1:9, anticoag/blood

RED: plastic/none, glass/silicone

GREEN: heparin, inhibits thrombin, Xa
chem,ph,gasca

LAVENDAR/PINK
K2EDTA: dry
K3EDTA: liquid
-chelates Ca, helps prevent RBC shrinkage

GRAY: flouride,inhibits glycolysis

92
Q

standard gauge for syringe, tubes…21gauge

  1. ID patient
    2.assemble at beside
    3.gloves
    4.select, prepare site with alcohol,dry
  2. one hand hold tube, arm downward, need 1-2in below site, 20degrees, tourniquet ,1
A

3 veins;
cephalic, basilic, median cubital

93
Q

Capillary blood collection:
puncture perpendicular once, wipe 1st drop

fingertip, 3rd/4th finger
heel
big toe

earlobe adults last resort

A

infants:
medial/lateral plantar/sole heel
or big toe

94
Q

managment philosophy focuses on satisfying customers thru empowering employees to be an active part of continuous quality improvement

systematic

A

TQM
total quality management

95
Q

system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system

continuous, incremental

A

CQI
continuous quality improvements

96
Q

is an activity designed to id and resolve work task-related problems that yield poor quality

A

PI
performance improvement

97
Q

universal precautions;
blood/BF of all people infectious until proven otherwise

standard:
Updated version of universal, Include Universal precautions and body substance isolation and assume that all blood, BF, secretions may be infectious and apply to all patients

A
98
Q

centrifugation for blood RCF, rpm, min

A

1-2,000 rcf
3500rpm

10-15min

99
Q

calibrate ocular micrometer:

  1. put stage micrometer on stage
  2. focus micrometer
  3. line up left edge of micrometer with left edge of stage micrometer
  4. adjust field so 0 line of ocular micrometer is superimposed on 0.0 line of scale
  5. find furthest point to right where a line on ocular micrometer lines up with a line on stage micrometer
  6. count # divisions on ocular micrometer per mm or micrometer on stage
A
100
Q

Linearity

A

Linearity is the ability to provide laboratory test results that are directly proportional to the concentration of the measurand (quantity to be measured) in a test sample.

101
Q

Blood culture collection

2-3 sets w/in 24hrs, can be separate sites or time intervals, aerobic 1st then anaerobic

10-20ml per bottle

clean with alcohol then povidine iodine

6-18hr incubate at 35C

checked daily for 7 days

A
102
Q

range in which 95% of pop falls, random samples from normal pop fall within 2S range

A

ref range, normal range

103
Q

Calculation that doesn’t change concetration:

unit wt 1/unit vol 1 =unit wt 2/unit vol 2

make 500ml of 0.5% NaOH
-0.5/100= x/500

A
104
Q

N=Mx valence (H)

0.4 N H3PO4 is 0.4/3=.13M

A
105
Q

measures total number of dissolved particles in sln; size/density/type doesn’t matter

freezing point depression

alcohol can increase

A
106
Q

separates mixture into individual components based on physical characteristics

5 types

A

Chromatography

1.) liquid-liquid (aqueus,organic)
2.)ion exchange (wt,size,charge)
3.)gas-liquid (volatility, rate diffusion)
-blood alcohol, drugs abuse use w/MS
4.)Thin layer(Rf sub/solvent)
5.)high performance liquid(pumped thru columns under high pressure)

107
Q

Method to separate proteins on charge and size

direction on isoelectric point and pH of buffer

cellulose acetate most common

A

can separate
aminos, serum proteins, lipo,glyco,nuclei,hmg, isoenzymes

108
Q

3 types of electrochemistry methods

A

potentiometry: voltage, diff between ref and indicator, pH/glass, K valinomycin

amperometry: current flowing, O2 electrode, platinum

coulometry: titration, Ag+ ions cause tiration to stop; Cloride

109
Q

Method/name of cell passing thru current creating pulse=cell size

MCV meausred directly=cell size

RBCs/PLTs counted in RBC bath
WBC/nRBC counted in WBC bath

A

electronic impedance/Coulter

110
Q

Optical scatter, 5pt diff light scatter…
forward/side…

A

Flow cytometry

forward cell size
side interior

111
Q

RBC
left shift..
right shift…

A

leftshift microcytes
right shift macrocytes

112
Q

Method that uses light in a fluid medium to measure cells

laser excites fluorochrome
forward scatter is diffraction/refractions=size
side scatter is reflection=granularity

A
113
Q

air displacement: air remains between the piston and the liquid.

Positive displacment:piston is in direct contact

A
114
Q

Osmolality=mOsmol/kg of H2O
Normal range 275-295 mOsm/kg

1.86(NA) + GLU/18 + BUN/2.8.

-NA, GLU, BUN , 1.86, 18, 2.8

Osmolality of
NA 150
Glu 180
BUN 14 294 mOsmol/kg

A
115
Q

Proficiency testing is required by CMS under CLIA, approved by HHS

Usually done 3 times per year, keep 2yrs

80% lab/100% BB

2/3 fail or 2 consec same analyte

A
116
Q

EEOC equal employment opportunity
commission

FLSA fair labor standards act

title 7 civil rights act ACT of 1963 prohibiting discrimnation,

FMLA
12 weeks unpaid job leave in 12mth period

COBRA
consolidated omnibus budget reconcilation act Act that provide health insurance
18 or 36mths
expect for gross misconduct

HIPAA health insurance
portability and accountability act

A
117
Q

Race: rescue, alarm/call, contain, extinguish

Pass: pull, aim, squeeze, sweep base

A
118
Q

Nongausian skewed pos or neg, skews alter these two, but not this

A

Alter mean and median, not mode

119
Q

Immunoassay/immunochemical use ab to bind ag of intereste visa/versa

Immunoprecipitation/agg: clumping of ab particles to which specific antigenic labels are attached

Immunoelectrophoresis:
immunoprecipitation in which ag are separated by migration in electric field, followed by ab reaction by immunodiffusion

Immunodiffusion:
spreading movement of ab and/or ag in suport medium

Immunofixation:
western blot

Heterogeneous IA: liquid/solid phases to separate

Homogenous IA: labeled analyte does not require separation of bound free ag

Radioimmunoassay: RIA

Enyzme mulitiplied immunoabsorbent assay: ELISA

Immunofluoresence/fluroimmoassay

Immunohistochemistry

Nephelometry:
light scattering ag/ab aggregation

A
120
Q

Anion gap: cations-anions

Na+K minus Cl+CO2 =10-20

A

…

121
Q

Anion gap: cations-anions

Na+K minus Cl+CO2 =10-20

A

…

3.)AMT Basic Quick (1 decks)

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