AMT 120 (BOSS KAL) Flashcards
protected the fabric, adhered to it well, and tautened it over the airframe.
Nitrate Dope
Organic fabrics have a limited lifespan; cotton or linen covering on an actively flown aircraft lasts only about _____
5-10 years
Attempts to paint the coated fabric proved unsuccessful, because paint does not adhere well to ______
Nitrate dope
aircraft designers tried a preparation of cellulose dissolved in butyric acid called ________.
butyrate dope
aircraft cotton has not been available for over _____
25 years
_____ were added to the butyrate coating
Aluminum solids
It also gave the fabric a smooth, durable finish when dried.
Nitrate Dope
a mixture of cellulose dissolved in nitric acid, called ________, came into use as an aircraft fabric coating.
Nitrate dope
This mixture of butyrate dope protected the fabric from ____ and _____,
dirt and moisture
Two disadvantages of Fabric Covering
flammability and lack of durability
builders began coating the fabrics with ___ and ____
oils and varnishes
[Remember]!
-Eventually, a system combining the two dope coatings was developed.
-First, the fabric was coated with nitrate dope for its adhesion and protective qualities.
-Then, subsequent coats of butyrate dope were added.
-Since the butyrate dope coatings reduced the overall flammability of the fabric covering,
-this system became the standard fabric treatment system.
downside of woven organic fabrics
their tendency to sag
play an important role in the history of aviation.
Aircraft Fabric Covering
Finely woven organic fabrics, such as ____ and ____, were the original fabrics used for covering airframes,
Irish linen and Cotton
it did not adhere as well to the fabric as nitrate dope.
Butyrate dope
The famous ____ utilized a ________ in its design,
Wright Flyer, Fabric-covered wood frame
The major drawback to nitrate dope was its __________
extreme flammability
One primary advantage of Fabric Covering
light weight
[Remember]!
-The second problem, lack of durability,
-stems from the eventual deterioration of fabric from exposure to the elements that results in a limited service life.
-Although the mixture of nitrate dope and butyrate dope kept out dirt and water, solving some of the degradation issue, it did not address deterioration caused by Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
Full name of Wright Brothers:
Orville Wright, Wilbur Wright
As the aviation industry developed more powerful engines and more aerodynamic aircraft structures, ___________
aluminum became the material of choice.
Aircraft Fabric covering reach?
12 seconds, traveled 120 feet, top speed of 6.7 miles per hour
Although the mixture of nitrate dope and butyrate dope kept out dirt and water, solving some of the degradation issue, it did not address deterioration caused by ___________.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
continued to be used by many aircraft designers and builders during the early decades of production aircraft.
Fabric Covering
a mixture of cellulose dissolved in nitric acid, called nitrate dope, came into use as an aircraft fabric coating in the year of?
1916
passed through the dope and degraded not only the fabric, but also the aircraft structure underneath.
Ultraviolet radiation
the number of yarns making up a thread.
Ply
When a fabric-covered aircraft is certificated, the _________ uses materials and techniques to cover the aircraft that are approved under the type certificate issued for that aircraft.
aircraft manufacturer
There are Three ways to gain FAA approval to re-cover an aircraft with materials and processes other than those with which it was originally certificated:
Supplemental Type Certificate (STC), FAA FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICE (FSDO), TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET (TCDS).
The same materials and techniques must be used by maintenance personnel when replacing the _______
aircraft fabric
a cut, fold, or seam made diagonally to the warp or fill threads.
Bias
Descriptions of these materials and techniques are in the _________
manufacturer’s service manual
the direction across the width of the fabric.
Fill or weave
One is to do the work in accordance with an approved __________
Supplemental Type Certificate (STC).
an edge which has been cut by machine or special pinking shears.
Pinked Edge
is easier to use than the flat lacing, but if installed properly, the flat lacing results in a smoother finish over the ribs.
Round cord (Rib lacing cord)
the number of threads per inch in warp or filling.
Count
Upon initial application of the dopes to polyester, ______
good adhesion and protection occurred
aircraft originally manufactured with cotton fabric can only be re-covered with cotton fabric unless the _____________ approves an exception.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
the edge of cloth, tape, or webbing woven to prevent raveling.
Selvage edge
Fabric Types and Terminology:
Warp, Fill or weave, Count, Ply, Bias, Pinked edge, Selvage edge
process works well, but does not mitigate the short lifespan of organic fabrics.
Nitrate/butyrate dope
is available in a round or flat cross-section.
Rib Lacing Cord
Since ______ coverings deliver performance advantages, such as lighter weight, longer life, additional strength, and lower cost, many older aircraft originally manufactured with cotton fabric have received __________ and have been recovered with polyester fabric.
Polyester Fabric, Approved Alteration Authority
It was not until the introduction of ______ as an aircraft covering in the _____ that the problem of the limited lifespan of fabric covering was solved.
Polyester fabric, 1950s
the direction along the length of fabric.
Warp
The transition to polyester fabric had some problems because the _____ and _____coating process is not as suitable for polyester as it is for organic fabrics.
Nitrate and butyrate dope
It must be strong and applied as directed to safely transfer in-flight loads from the fabric to the ribs.
Rib Lacing Cord
Its use in _____, _____, and ______
engines, aircraft frames, and coverings revolutionized aviation.
Lacing the ribs in this manner holds them in the proper place and alignment during the covering process..
Rib bracing tape
is most commonly used on rib caps after the fabric covering is installed to protect and strengthen the area for attaching the fabric to the ribs.
Reinforcing Tape
This tape, also known as finishing tape
Surface tape
is used on wing ribs before the fabric is installed.
Rib Bracing Tape
is used on sharp protrusions, rib caps, metal seams, and other areas to provide a smoother surface to keep the fabric from being torn.
Anti-Chafe Tape
made of polyester material and often preshrunk, is obtained from the STC holder.
Surface Tape
It is usually self-adhesive cloth tape and is applied after the aircraft is cleaned, inspected, and primed, but before the fabric is installed.
Anti-Chafe Tape
It is applied spanwise and alternately wrapped around a top rib cap and then a bottom rib cap progressing from rib to rib until all are braced
Rib Bracing Tape
is minimum performance standard issued by the FAA for specified materials, parts, processes, and appliances used on civil aircraft.
Technical Standard Order (TSO)
There are a variety of _______ used in aircraft fabric covering and repair processes.
In order for the items to legally be used, the FAA must approve the fabric, tapes, threads, cords, glues, dopes, sealants, coatings, thinners, additives, fungicides, rejuvenators, and paints for the manufacturer, the holder of an STC, or a field approval.
approved materials
When a company is approved to manufacture or sell an approved aviation fabric, it applies for and receives a ______
Parts Manufacturing Approval (PMA).
Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices, Aircraft Inspection and Repair, contains acceptable practices for covering aircraft with fabric.
It is a valuable source of general and specific information on fabric and fabric repair that can be used on Form 337 to justify procedures requested for a field approval.
Advisory Circular (AC) 43.13-1
Approved Materials:
fabric, tapes, threads, cords, glues, dopes, sealants, coatings, thinners, additives, fungicides, rejuvenators, and paints
sells the materials and the use of the STC to the person wishing to re-cover the aircraft.
holder of the STC
________ inspector considers all aspects of the procedures and their effect(s) on the aircraft for which the request is being filed.
The Flight Standard District Offices (FSDO)
The Second way to gain approval to re-cover an aircraft with different materials and processes is with a field approval. A field approval is a one-time approval issued by the ________ permitting the materials and procedures requested to replace those of the original manufacturer
FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)
The third way is for a manufacturer to secure approval through the _________for a new process.
Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS)
Deviation from the STC data in any way renders the ______
aircraft unairworthy.
A field approval request is made on ________
FAA Form 337
For example, Piper Aircraft Co. originally covered their PA-18s in cotton. Recovering an older PA-18 with Dacron in accordance with the TCDS would be a _______, but not an alteration as the TCDS holder has current approval for the fabric.
major repair
The ______ must specify that it is for the particular aircraft model in question. It states in detail exactly what alternate materials must be used and what procedure(s) must be followed.
STC
Surface tape if also known as
Finishing tape
is used to lace the fabric to the wing ribs
Rib lacing cord
is applied after the fabric is installed.
Surface Tape
