Amphibians Flashcards
1
Q
what evolved from fishes into the limbs and
feet of tetrapods.
A
Pectoral and pelvic fins
2
Q
Tetrapod Evolution started around
A
360 million years ago
3
Q
Tetrapod comes from Greek, meaning
A
four feet
4
Q
The term “amphibian” loosely translates
from the Greek as
A
dual life
5
Q
Amphibians evolved during the what period?
A
Devonian
6
Q
Important physical differences that animals
accommodate when moving from water to land
A
-Oxygen Content
-Density
-Temperature Regulation
-Habitat diversity
7
Q
The earliest fossils assigned to Tetrapoda/ an order of extinct amphibians, representing the earliest land living vertebrates.
A
Ichthyostegalia
8
Q
The sarcopterygian ancestor possessed two traits necessary for the evolution of a limbed terrestrial animal
A
-lungs
-appendages with internal skeletal support
9
Q
Examples of extreme living amphibians
A
Tiger salamander
Wood frog
Siberian newt
10
Q
Three orders of amphibia
A
Anura
Urodela/ Caudata
Gymnophiona
11
Q
a group of tetrapods that includes all modern
amphibians/ Subclass of Amphibians
A
Lissamphibia
12
Q
a family of primitive,
tongueless frogs.
A
Pipidae
13
Q
true frogs: They have
the widest distribution of any frog family
A
Ranidae
14
Q
are a family of primitive
frogs, their common name is midwife
toads or painting frogs
A
Alytidae
15
Q
are commonly known as shrub frogs,
or more ambiguously as “moss frogs” or
“bush frogs”
A
Rhacophoridae
16
Q
a wide-ranging family of frogs
commonly referred to as “tree frogs and their
allies” however, they include a diversity of
frog species, many of which do not live in trees,
but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
A
Hylidae
17
Q
This is the only family of
anurans in which all members are known as toads
or true toads, although some may be called frogs
A
Bufonidae
18
Q
sedge frogs and bush
frogs, are a large family of small to medium sized, brightly colored frogs
A
Hyperoliidae
19
Q
The southern
frogs; a name that comes from Greek
meaning a bird or other animal having
slender toes
A
Leptodactylidae
20
Q
known as spadefoot toads, are a small family of
frogs. They have short legs, stocky bodies with
vertical pupils and produce an odour
similar to garlic
A
Pelobatidae
21
Q
They are a group of limbless, vermiform
(worm-shaped) or serpentine (snakeshaped) amphibians.
A
Caecilians
22
Q
the family of common caecilians. they
superficially resemble worms or snakes.
A
Caecillidae
23
Q
a family of Indian caecilians
A
Chikilidae
24
Q
e a family of neotropical caecilians
A
Dermophiidae
25
known as the African caecilians. They are
found in Sub-Saharan Africa
Herpelidae
26
family of Asiatic tailed caecilians or fish caecilians found in South and Southeast Asia as well as southernmost China.
Ichthyophiidae
27
a family of caecilians also
known as tropical caecilians, buried-eyed caecilians,
or African caecilians
Scolecomorphidae
28
South American
Caecilian
Siphonopidae
29
o known as aquatic
caecilians or rubber eels, are a family
of caecilians found east of the Andes in South
America.
Typhlonectidae
30
a group of amphibians typically characterized by
their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies,
blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to
the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae
and adults
Urodela (salamander)
31
a suborder of salamanders found in
Asia, European Russia, and the United
States
Cryptobranchoidea
32
Family _, includes Asian giant salamanders and
hellbenders
Cryptobranchidae
33
commonly known as
Asiatic salamanders
Hynobiidae
34
suborder of salamander referred to as advanced salamanders; All members use internal fertilization
Salamandriodea
35
These salamanders are
mostly terrestrial and eat invertebrates
Ambystomatidae,
36
known as amphiumas. They are also known to fishermen as "conger eels" or "Congo snakes
Amphiumidae
37
known as lungless
salamanders.
Plethodontidae
38
group of
aquatic salamanders found today in
the Balkan Peninsula and North America
Proteidae
39
torrent salamanders or Cascade
salamanders
Rhyacotritonidae
40
Suborder of Advanced Salamanders
Salamandriodea
41
a family of salamanders
consisting of true salamanders and newts
Salamandridae
42
Salamandrids are distinguished from other
salamanders by?
-lack of rib/costal grooves
-rough skin.
43
They produce a potent toxin in
their skin, with some species being deadly to many
other animal species
Salamandrids
44
They are family of neotenic aquatic salamanders
were members have very small fore limbs and lack
hind limbs altogether
Sirenidae (The sirens)
45
Factors affecting the population cycles of Amphibians
1. climate (micro- and macro-) relative to physiological
tolerances
2. availability and access to resources
3. Interspecific interactions
46
T or F. Amphibians can persist on relatively little energy for long time periods when compared with endothermic mammals and birds.
True
47
This can allow species to become established in a
new area; individual animals move away from their
birth area, or move from an area of high population
density to a lower density area.
Dispersal
48
This means we can determine which species are likely to occur in one area and the probability of their reaching another area
dispersal ability
49
The circulatory and respiratory systems of amphibians work with the integument to provide what kind of respiration?
cutaneous respiration.
50
T or F. All amphibians are lungless
False. Only several
51
This mechanism involves the
pushing of air between the lungs and the closed
mouth – found in fishes and amphibians
Buccal pump mechanism
52
Caecilians move through soil by a process
called _, in which
the body alternately folds and extends itself
along its entire length, often occurring
within the envelope of skin as well as by
flexures of the entire body.
concertina locomotion
53
Aquatic salamanders swim via
lateral
undulation
54
These anurans have long
limbs and digits with large, terminal, adhesive
pads.
Arboreal
55
These anurans have short sturdy limbs and
large spatulate tubercles made of keratin on their
feet.
Burrowing anurans
56
These anurans are specialized for their aquatic
environment, have little flexibility in their axial
skeletons and instead propel their flat, fused
bodies through the water with powerful hind
limbs and large, fully webbed feet.
pipids
57
This permit the perception of a wide range of wavelengths, are found only in lissamphibians.
Green rods in the retina
58
a patch of sensory
tissues that is sensitive to low frequency sound
papilla amphibiorum
59
a pair of elements associated with the auditory capsule that transmit airborne (columella) or seismic
(operculum) signals
columella-opercular complex
60
Egg-laying amphibians have ova that are encased
in
mucoprotein and mucopolysaccharide layers
61
Two types of egg membranes in frog eggs
-Vitelline membrane
-Jelly coat
62
T or F. Amphibian eggs are Isolecithal
(contain moderate amount of yolk which
is concentrated in the vegetal
hemisphere).
False. Mesolecithal
63
transformation of the larva to a
miniature adult replicate
Metamorphosis
64
a structure constructed by a reproductive
adult for egg deposition
nest
65
Once this net dissolve, the larvae will just
fall into the water
foam nets
66
the primary mode of communication in frogs
Acoustic signals
67
This is primarily to attract
conspecific females.
advertisement call
68
Types of advertisement calls
-courtship calls
-Territorial calls
-encounter calls
69
– sound produced by a male
that is defending its territory which is
followed by a second male voice in or near the
territory
territorial calls
70
sound made by a male in
response to an approaching male
encounter calls
71
This is the response of
a female to a mating call of a male, although
not all females produce a call.
Reciprocating call
72
Call by a male that is
amplexed by another male
release call
73
This is the scream-like
sound made by females of some species when
they are grasped by predators
Distress call
74
Movements in amphibians are critical for
Locating food
Locating mates
Avoiding environmental extremes
Avoiding predators
75
refers to the ability of displaced
individuals to return to their original location
Homing
76
Orientation in amphibians can involve the following cues
visual
olfactory
auditory
magnetic
77
the area within a home range that is
actively defended against intruders, usually
because the area includes a defendable resource
or has some other quality that is better than
adjacent area
Territory
78
T or F. Territoriality is well known in
some frogs and salamanders but
unknown in caecilians
True
79
are non-random use of space, most
often centered on scarce resources.
Aggregation
80
Purposes of Aggregations
-Schooling
-Breeding
-Brumation & estivation
-Water conservation
81
A group of frog is called
army
82
A group of toad is called
knot
83
A group of salamander is called
herd/ congress
84
defined as any form of post-ovipositional
parental behavior that increases the survival of the offspring
at some expense to the parent
parental care
85
Parental care behavior where A parent remains with the nest or eggs but without detectable nest defense
Nest or egg attendance
86
Parental care behavior where A parent remains with the nest or eggs and actively defends against conspecifics or predators.
Nest or egg guarding
87
Parental care behavior where A parent
carries offspring from one place to another.
Egg, larval, or hatchling/froglet transport.
88
Parental care behavior where it is used for
species that retain the embryos somewhere on or in
the body but not in the oviducts.
Egg brooding
89
Parental care behavior where A parent brings food to
offspring, e.g., tadpole feeding; the tadpoles
develop in restricted microhabitats that have little
or no food available.
Feeding of young
90
Parental care behavior which A parent stays
with the young after the eggs hatch.
Guarding or attending young
91
Sampling method involve actively
searching for animals in a given area for a predefined amount of time.
time constrained searches
92
Sampling method focused
on a certain area and not on the amount of
time. Size of the area can vary depending on the
habitat type and on the focal species.
Area-Constrained Searches
93
Sampling method involves randomly
distributed areas and the presence and absence
of animals in these areas should be verified.
* Sampling areas are usually squares (thus
quadrats) that should be thoroughly searched.
Quadrat Sampling
94
Sampling method which is a modification of quadrat sampling and it involvesmicrohabitats like logs, bushes, etc.
* It is applied when looking for specific target species, which are known to bepresent or suspected to be confined to specific microhabitats within a largerhabitat.
Patch sampling
95
Sampling method that uses a linear transect that is
established and the whole narrow strip and nearby
areas are searched for animals.
Transect surveys
96
Type of active sampling which uses time-constrained method, observers sample for species richness and
abundance along a survey path, appropriate for both inventory and monitoring, might be particularly useful for detecting rare species that seldom fall into traps
Visual encounter surveys (VES)
97
could be cited as
visual encounter surveys, although these are done at a
different scale and have specific characteristic
Road cruising and aerial surveys
98
is used as a survey transect
that is methodically driven through, looking for
both alive and roadkill specimens
road cruising
99
mostly used for estimating
population size and distributions of large-bodied
reptiles such as crocodilians or sea turtles
aerial survey
100
Kind of active sampling involves sweeping a dipnet
through an aquatic habitat to capture
herpetofauna.
Dipnetting
101
when the dipnetting process is semi-standardized,
meaning the number of sweeps is recorded
and compared among habitats.
sweep sampling
102
main targets of sweep sampling technique
amphibian larvae
103
consists of lifting and
removing all loose substrate from a stream
bottom, kicking loose pebbles or even hand
raking everything into a net.
kick sampling
104
Typically, the most common nets
used are those with a D frame
whose flat side may rest on the
bottom of the stream
Dipnetting and kick sampling
105
An active sampling method that is a quantitative
method in which aquatic animals are trapped
within an enclosure and later removed from it
with a net.
Stovepipe sampling
106
Active sampling that can be used during
breeding periods to monitor the reproductive activity in amphibian populations
egg mass and nest counts
107
Active sampling that are very useful for estimating
species richness of anurans. * Male anurans in particular tend to be fairly
conspicuous during breeding season when the use
their mating calls for attracting females. * These calls are species-specific, so during the
breeding season listening stations can be
randomly selected along the breeding site to
identify species presence and their relative
abundance.
Auditory surveys
108
A passive sampling that r is commonly used for hiding by many amphibians in the wild. * Logs, rocks and even human debris provide refuge
to many species, which implies that sampling
these covers many times is an effective method
Artificial cover
109
A passive sampling method that are an
easy and inexpensive technique for sampling hylid
tree frogs.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe surveys
110
Passive sampling method that are specific for
salamanders, which can be difficult to monitor due to
their cryptic and fossorial nature.
These bags have been commonly used for many years
to estimate leaf litter breakdown in streams but has
been adapted for sampling stream-dwelling.
Leaf-litterbag surveys
111
A passive sampling method that is a standard
method for trapping many groups of animals including
amphibians. * The principle behind these traps is pretty simple: animals are
directed through a small opening in the trap via a funnel or
ramp, and once inside, are unable to find their way out. * Traps can either be set in systematic or random arrays.
Aquatic and terrestrial funnel trapping
112
Passive sampling method that have proven to be effective for sampling most amphibians. * normally used on long-term monitoring programmes due to the
relatively high amount of time and funding needed to install them
* The basic design of a drift fence is a straight fence buried slightly
below ground, and standing up to 50 cm high. * Pitfall traps are then buried at floor level and placed at a certain
interval alongside the fence
Terrestrial drift fences and pitfall traps
113
Importance of Amphibians
-adults control populations of pests
-some eat algae and dead plants that can fill
ponds and streams
-tadpoles have significant impact in nutritional cycling in water
-sensitive biological indicators
-provide food sources fish, birds, reptiles and mammals
-used in regeneration studies
-used in anatomical studies
114
The challenges in the conservation of amphibians
-habitat distruction
-Climate change
-Water pollution
-Diseases
115
A killer disease called _, caused
by a fungus, has caused mass death in frogs, toads
and salamanders over the past 50 years, including
presumable extinctions of 90 species.
chytridiomycosis
116
