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vertebrate bio > Amphibia (class) > Flashcards

Amphibia (class) Flashcards

1
Q

Amphibia (class)

A
  • gymnophiona (caecilian)
  • anura (frog)
  • caudata (salamanders)
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1
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

Pedicillate + bicusp teeth
* two points on teeth (bicusp)
* tooth sits on the stalk (pedicillate)

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2
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

unique middle ear
* muscle attaches the operculum to the stapes allowing for the transfer of vibrations to a special sensory hair

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3
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

fat bodies develop from germinal ridge (gonad cells)
* used for reproduction

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4
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

two types of glands:
granular
* poison
* defense
mucous
* moisture
both on back, mucous is everywhere

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5
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

green rods in the retina
* see better in the dark

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6
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

levator bulbi muscle
* eyes - move in and out of skull

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7
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

unique respiration
* cutaneous - through skin (most species only partially)

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8
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

short straight ribs

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9
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

2 occipital condyles
* bones, skull, pointy connection

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10
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

reduction in skull bones

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11
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

no true nails or claws

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12
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilians)

A
  • split ~ 200 MYA
  • Fossoral or aquatic (almost all fossorial)
  • Pantropical distribution
  • body size varies (cm-6ft)
  • diverse reproductive modes

Fossil evidence:
* from ~190 MYA
* skull identifies it as caecilian
* girdle + limbs present - not anymore

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13
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

Long annulated body
* ringed
* good for movement

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14
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

reduced/absent tail
* no vertebrae past anus

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15
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

Limbless - no girdles!!!!

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16
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

left lung reduced
* didn’t fit :/

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17
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

eyes reduced
* underground

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18
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

dermal scales
* scales in the dermis

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19
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

phallodeum
* penis

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20
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

tentacle!
* on face - like whiskers
* moveable
* chemical receptor - nonvolitale

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21
Q

Caecilidae (Gymno)

A
  • babies eat wall - mom regrows (fetal teeth)
  • central South America
  • commonish
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22
Q

Herpelidae (Gymno)

A
  • African
  • 12-15 species
  • young eat mother’s skin - regrows skin
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23
Q

Typhlonectidae (Gymno)

A
  • South America
  • aquatic - fully
  • birth 2 live babies
  • white fluttery things - rudimentary gills for few hours after birth
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24
Q

Urodela (Salamanders)

A

Lots in northern hemisphere - just evolved there

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25
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

limbs same length

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26
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

tail

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27
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

distinct head, neck, body

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28
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

Distinct costal grooves
* pull water on body

29
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

external gills in larvae

30
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

reduced skull but ossified

31
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

no middle ear

32
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

fertilization
* internal (most)
Spermatophores - stalk, sperm packet on top, female comes and picks it up

33
Q

Urodela Synapomorphies

A

many retain larval traits (paedomorphosis)

34
Q

Paedomorphosis

A
  • retention of juvinille (larval) traits
  • retain gills, slits
  • no eyelids
  • larval teeth
  • stay aquatic
35
Q

Salamander families

A
  • sirenidae
  • cryptobranchidae
  • hynobiidae
  • dicamptodontidae
  • ambystomatidae
  • salamandridae
  • proteidae
  • rhyacotritonidae
  • amphiumidae
  • plethodontidae
36
Q

Sirenidae (Urodela)

A
  • SE USA
  • swamp
  • no eyelids
  • no backlegs (have front)
  • gills
37
Q

cryptobranchidae (Urodela)

A
  • two genera
    cryptobranchus - US
    andrius - China and Japan
  • fully aquatic
  • lack gills (cutaneous)
    Synapomorphies:
  • 1 gill slit
  • external fertilization
  • lateral skin folds (cutaneous respiration)
  • no eyelids
38
Q

Hynobiidae (urodela)

A
  • ambystoma of Asia
  • external fertilization
  • fat and burrowing
39
Q

dicamptodontidae (urodela)

A
  • Pacific NW
  • large - up to 30cm
  • startles predators with barks
  • 2-4 species
40
Q

Ambystomatidae (urodela)

A
  • all over US
  • Larges fat bodied burrowers
  • spermatophores
  • includes axolotyl
41
Q

Salamandridae (urodela)

A
  • major radiations in US, europe, Asia
  • includes some “true” salamanders as well as newts
  • origin of newt - an ewt (lizard)
  • what is a newt
    drier bumpier skin
    biphasic life cycle (half live on land, half in water
  • US - taricha - notophthalmus
  • Europe - triturus
  • Asia - cynops
42
Q

Proteidae (Urodela)

A

Synapomorphies
* gills
* aquatic
* large caudal fin
* maxillary bones (part of upper jaw absent)

43
Q

Rhyacotritanidae (Urodela)

A
  • tastes good - garlic
  • small
    Synapomorphy
  • males have a square breeding gland
44
Q

amphiumidae (urodela)

A
  • swamps
    Synapomorphies
  • reduced limbs (absolutely tiny)
  • gill slits (pedomorphic)
45
Q

Plethodontidae (Urodela)

A
  • 100/700 species
    Synapomorphies
  • nasalabial groove from upper lip to external nare (non volitale chems like pheromones)
  • lungless (cutaneous, save room for more tongue, projections)
    Distribution:
    used land bridge alaska - russia to disperse
46
Q

Anura (frogs)

A
  • global distribution
  • 5000 sp
  • in southern hemisphere
47
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

no tail

48
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

head and trunk fused

49
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

caudal vertebrae fused into urostyle - muscle attachment and jumping

50
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

9 or less vertebrae (most 8)

51
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

hind limbs longer than fore (jumping)

52
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

Fused limb bones
* tibiofibula
* radioulna

53
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

functional middle ear

54
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

true larynx

55
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

tongue attached anteriorly

56
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

external fertilization

57
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

no teeth on lower jaw

58
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A

tadpoles

59
Q

Salamander larvae vs tadpoles

A

Salamander larvae:
* external gills
* 4 limbs
* bony skeleton
* eat inverts
* true teeth
Tadpoles:
* internal gills (spiracle)
* no limbs till metamorphasis
* cartilage -> bone
* eat algae
* karitinized mouthparts

60
Q

why tadpoles?

A

Reduce compitition with adults

61
Q

Reproduction (Anura)

A

males call -> amplexus (mating) -> egg deposition (+ sperm)

62
Q

clutch structure

A

varies
* masses
* single eggs
* strings

63
Q

Egg deposition

A

varies
* aquatic
* terrestrial
* aboreal
* cutaneous

64
Q

Larval development

A

free living or direct development

65
Q

Parental care

A
  • none
  • nest construction
  • egg attendence
  • carry eggs/larvae
  • feeding larvae (unfertilized eggs)
66
Q

Stem Batrachian fossil from the Early Permian in Texas

A
  • first frog fossil
  • Gerobatrachus hitton (300 MYA)
  • 17 vertebrae
  • walker not hopper
67
Q

Triadobatrachus (anura)

A
  • 230 MYA
  • 14 vertebrae
  • still walker
  • back legs longer
68
Q

Hylidae (anura, treefrogs)

A
  • global
    Characteristics:
  • swollen toepads - climbing
  • intercalary phalange - cartilage in tip of toe to support enlarged toepad
69
Q

Bifonidae (anura, toads)

A

true synapomorphies
* no teeth
* bidders organ - associated with testes and fatboddies in males (damage testes, bidders organ act as an ovary)
* parotoid gland
* most terrestrial (dryer skin)
* clutch size varies
* couple genea viviparous
* tadpole aggregations (tadpoles huddle for warmth)

70
Q

Atelopus (Bifonidae)

A
  • most critically endangered
  • doesn’t look like a toad but is, has bidders organ
71
Q

Ranidae (anura)

A
  • 400 species
  • no real synapomorphies
  • iconic frog
  • pond dwellers

vertebrate bio (2 decks)

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