Aminoglycosides

Question 1

Drugs from Streptomyces bacteria

Answer 1

Streptomycin
Tobramycin
Neomycin
Kanamycin

-mycin

Question 2

Drugs from Micromonospora

Answer 2

Gentamicin
Amikacin
Netilmicin

-micin

Question 3

Half-life of aminoglycosides

Answer 3

2-3 hours

Question 4

Used for this kind of bacteria

Answer 4

Gram-negative enteric bacteria

Question 5

Reversible or irreversible inhibitors of protein synthesis

Answer 5

Irreversible

Reversible: Tetracyclines

Inhibits the 30S portion (both aminoglycosides and tetracyclines)

Question 6

Mechanism of action is enhanced by

Answer 6

Penicillin or Vancomycin

Due to the synergistic effect

Question 7

Mechanism of action is inhibited by

Answer 7

Low extracellular pH and anaerobic conditions

Question 8

Primary mode of resistance

Answer 8

Production of transferase enzyme that inactivate aminoglycosides by adenylation, acetylation, or phosphorylation (PAA)

Other modes of resistance: Deletion and alteration of a porin protein and deletion or alteration of the receptor protein

Question 9

Route of administration for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections, gram-positive endocarditis, and tuberculosis

Answer 9

Intravenous

Administered as a 30-60 minute infusion

Question 10

Route of administration that is well-absorbed

Answer 10

Intramuscular

Peak blood concentration: 30-90 minutes

Question 11

Route of administration where the entire dose is excreted in the feces

Answer 11

Oral

Poor absorption in an intact GIT
Absorption may be increased in an ulcerated tract (like ulcerated colitis)

Question 12

Bactericidal or bacteriostatic

Answer 12

Bactericidal

Higher concentration = higher antimicrobial activity

Question 13

Route of elimination

Answer 13

Renal

Higher creatinine clearance = lower dosage needed
Do not penetrate cells readily due to its polarity
Dose adjustments for those with renal impairment

Question 14

Most ototoxic

Answer 14

Neomycin, Amikacin, Kanamycin

NAK

Question 15

Most vestibulotoxic

Answer 15

Streptomycin
Gentamicin

SG (Singapore)

Question 16

Most nephrotoxic

Answer 16

Neomycin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin

NGT (Neomycin’s got talent lol)

Question 17

Second-line agent for mycobacterial infections, such as TB

Answer 17

Streptomycin

Plague, tularemia, brucellosis, enterococcal endocarditis

Question 18

Vestibulotoxicity of this drug is the most serious toxic effect and is irreversible

Answer 18

Streptomycin

Question 20

Used for pediatric populations

Answer 20

Gentamicin

Question 21

Drug with an IM or IV administration for sepsis and pneumonia

Answer 21

Gentamicin

Topical for burns, other skin lesions
Subconjunctival for ocular infections
Intrathecal for meningitis

Question 22

Nephrotoxicity of this drug is mild and irreversible and ototoxicity is irreversible

Answer 22

Gentamicin

Question 23

Used for conjunctivitis (sore eyes)

Answer 23

Tobramycin

Question 24

Used for multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis, including streptomycin-resistant strains

Answer 24

Amikacin

Question 25

Both ototoxic and nephrotoxic

Answer 25

Amikacin
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Kanamycin

AGNK (agent K)

Question 26

Used for Gentamicin- and Tobramycin-resistant strains

Answer 26

Netilmicin IM or IV

Question 27

Drugs under the Neomycin group

Answer 27

Paromomycin Neomycin Kanamycin PNK (pink)

Question 28

For gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and some mycobacteria

Answer 28

Neomycin | Kanamycin

Question 29

Not active against P. aeruginosa and streptococci

Answer 29

Neomycin | Kanamycin

Question 30

Used orally for elective bowel surgery preparation and intestinal amoebiasis

Answer 30

Neomycin Kanamycin Topical for infected surfaces (used in ophtha) Injection for joints, pleural cavity, tissue spaces, abcess cavities IV and IM for TB

Question 31

Has an adverse reaction of curare-like neuromuscular blockade leading to respiratory paralysis or arrest

Answer 31

Neomycin Kanamycin Can be reversed by calcium gluconate or neostigmine

Question 32

Used parenterally for visceral leishmaniasis

Answer 32

Paromomycin Intestinal Entamoeba histolytica infection

Question 33

An aminocyclitol antibiotic, which is structurally related to aminoglycosides, that lacks amino sugars and glycosidic bonds

Answer 33

Spectinomycin

Question 34

Used as an alternative regimen for drug-resistant gonorrhea and gonorrhea in penicillin-allergic patients

Answer 34

Spectinomycin IM, single dose

Question 35

Not active against steptococci and enterococci

Answer 35

Gentamicin