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MBOD Week 13 > Amino Acids - Versitile Precursors > Flashcards

Amino Acids - Versitile Precursors Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 molecules is glycine a precursor for?

A
  • Creatine
  • Heme
  • Purine Bases
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2
Q

What two amino acids are used to form creatine?

A

Gly and Arg

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3
Q

In what two places does creatine synthesis occur?

- important reactants

A
  • Starts in the kidney and is completed in the liver
    1. Kidney (Gly + Arg reaction)
    2. Liver (SAM reaction)
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4
Q

Where does creatine go after leaving the liver?

A

Into the blood and to the:

  • Brain
  • Muscle
  • Heart
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5
Q

What enzyme adds a phosphate to creatine and what is the purpose of this reaction?

A
  • Creatine Kinase (CK)

- It is a high energy store of phosphate

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6
Q

Where is CK found in the highest amounts?

A

Muscle and Brain

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7
Q

Why is Creatine phosphate a better energy storage form than ATP?

A

ATP is an allosteric regulator of a lot of enzymes but Creatine Phosphate is not

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8
Q

Where does Creatinine come from?

A
  • Forms Spontaneously from Creatine phosphat and is excreted in the urine
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9
Q

What is indicated by high levels of creatinine in BLOOD?

A

Kidney Disorder - this means your kidney isn’t putting it in your pee like its supposed to

*Note: Urinary Creatinine is the most widely used measure of muscle mass

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10
Q

What is indicated by high levels of CK?

A

Myocardial Infarction and strokes

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11
Q

What kind of disorders can be diagnosed by measuring creatine phosphate?

A

Muscle Disorders

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12
Q

What methyl Donor is used to make Creatine and where does this reaction occur?

A
  • SAM

- LIVER

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13
Q

What is porphyria?

A

build of of porphorins that results from a defective enzyme on the way to make HEME.

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14
Q

What are some effects of porphyria?

A
  • Nervous System and Skin issues

- Light Sensitivity

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15
Q

What does histadine give rise to?

A

Histamine

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16
Q

What are the jobs of histamine?

A

Allergic Response

  • Vasodilation
  • increased permeability of Blood Vessel walls

Excitatory Neurotransmitter in the brain

17
Q

Why do antihistamines make you drowsy?

A

Histamine is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, when its lacking you get drowsy

18
Q

What 3 things is tyrosine a precursor for?

A
  1. Catecholamines
  2. Melanin
  3. Hormones
19
Q

What are the catecholamine?

A

Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

20
Q

What are the hormones that tyrosine is a precursor for?

A

T3 and T4

21
Q

What is the rate limiting step in turning tyorsine into Dopamine, Norephinephrine, and Epinephrine?
- cofactor involved

A
  • Hydroxylation of Tyrosine (via tyrosine hydroxylase)

- BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin) = cofactor

22
Q

What results if melanin cannot be synthesized from tyrosine?

A

Albinism

23
Q

How are T3 and T4 made?

A
  • Thyroid protein contains only iodinated tyrosine residues

- iodinated tyrosine residues are cleaved to generate T3 adn T4

24
Q

Which form T3 or T4 is active in cells?

A

T3, so all T4 must be cleaved to T3 before it is active

25
Q

What are the effects of T3?

A
  • Increased heart rate and cardiac output

- Increased basal fuel metabolic rate

26
Q

What is Trypophan the precursor for?

A

Melatonin and Serotonin

**Note: these are made in the same pathway

27
Q

What is the function of melatonin and where is it secreted from?

A
  • Regulates Circadian Rythms
  • Light-dark signal transduction
  • Sleep induction

-Secreted by Pineal Gland

28
Q

What is the function of Serotonin?

A
  • Regulated mood control and appetite

**low serotonin results in increased depression and/or increased appetite

29
Q

What is arginine the precursor for?

A

Nitric Oxide

30
Q

What is the function of NO?

A

Vasodilation

31
Q

What is glutamate the precursor for?

A

GABA

32
Q

T or F: GABA and its precursor glutamate are both neurotransmitters with opposite functions

A

True

33
Q

What reaction type converts Glutamate to GABA?

- coefactor (VERY IMPORTANT)

A

Decarboxylation

COFACTOR = PLP

MBOD Week 13 (7 decks)

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