Amino acids, Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

Amino acids contain which two functional groups?

A

Amino group

Carboxyl group

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2
Q

Amino acid stereochemistry is ____________ (exceptions?)

A

Chiral (4 different groups attached to it)

Glycine - has a H attached as its R group (achiral)

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3
Q

All chiral amino acids are configured __________ (exceptions?)

A

L-amino acids

Cysteine has an L-structure with R configuring

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4
Q

Nonpolar, nonaromatic amino acids

A
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Proline
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5
Q

Aromatic side chain amino acids

A

Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine

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6
Q

Polar amino acids

A
Serine
Threonine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Cysteine
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7
Q

Acidic side chain amino acids

A

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

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8
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

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9
Q

Amino acids are ___________

A

Amphoteric

Zwitterions

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10
Q

Isoelectric point (pI)

A

The pH where the molecule is electrically neutral.

pI = sum pKa of both amine and carboxyl group over 2

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11
Q

Amino acid subunits

A

Peptides

Also termed residues

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12
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acid residues

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13
Q

Tripeptides

A

3 amino acids joined

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14
Q

Peptide bond formation

A

Condensation or dehydration

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15
Q

Condensation

A

Peptide bond formation

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Peptide bond cleavage

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17
Q

Primary

A

His-Leu-Iso-Pro

Letters

18
Q

Secondary

A

Alpha helices
Beta sheets

Words

19
Q

Tertiary

A

Folded proteins

Sentences

20
Q

Quaternary

A

Complex dense proteins

Paragraphs

21
Q

These types of proteins derive part of their function from covalently attached molecules…

A

Conjugated proteins

22
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Can be organic molecules

Examples: vitamins or metals

23
Q

Opposite of protein folding

A

Denaturation

24
Q

Key features of Enzymes

A
Lower activation energy
Increase rate of reaction
Do not alter equilibrium constant
Are not consumed in reaction
Are pH and temp sensitive
Do not effect Gibbs free energy
Are reaction specific
25
Q

Enzyme classification

A

LIL HOT
Ligase
Isomerase
Lyase

Hydrolase
Oxido-reductase
Transferase

26
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions

27
Q

Transferase

A

Transfer functional groups

28
Q

Hydrolase

A

Break a compound into two molecules

29
Q

Lyase

A

Break one molecule into two

30
Q

Isomerase

A

rearrange bonds within molecules

31
Q

Ligases

A

Catalyze addition or synthesis reactions

32
Q

Energy input reaction

A

Endergonic

33
Q

Energy given off

A

Exergonic

34
Q

Enzymes without their cofactors

A

Apoenzymes

35
Q

Enzymes containing their cofactors

A

Holoenzymes

36
Q

HIGH Km = ??

A

LOWER affinity

because it requires a higher substrate concentration

**the opposite is also true

37
Q

Cooperative enzymes

Allosteric enzymes

A

Sigmoidal kinetics

38
Q

Optimal temp for enzymes

A

37 degrees Celsius

39
Q

Optimal pH

A

7.4

40
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Same 1/v

Different 1/[S]

41
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

Same 1/[S]

Different 1/v

42
Q

Inactive enzymes

A

Zymogens