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Clinical Chemistry CHEM 252 > Amino Acids and Proteins (Module 6) > Flashcards

Amino Acids and Proteins (Module 6) Flashcards

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1
Q

organic molecules with at least one _______ group (basic -NH2) and one ______ group (acid –COOH)

A

Amino

Carboxyl

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2
Q

_- form isomers most common in humans

A

L

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3
Q

amino acids are ___________(can act as acids or bases)

at alkaline ph (high), have a net ____ charge
at acid pH (low), have a net ___ charge

A

ampholytes

neg

pos

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4
Q

polypeptides with >___amino acids are called proteins

A

50

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5
Q

Simple
contain only ______ ______
eg: albumin, ______

A

Amino Acids

Collagen

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6
Q

Derived- protein breakdown products

- ________, ________

A

peptides

peptones

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7
Q

contain a non-protein prosthetic group which relates to the function of the protein

A

Conjugated protein

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8
Q

Sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain

A

Primary Structure

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9
Q

Shaping of polypeptide chain by hydrogen bonds.

either a alpha-helix (most common) or a beta-pleated sheet

A

Secondary Structure

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10
Q

folding of polypeptide chain into a characteristic three dimensional shape.
held together by hydrogen, covalent and ionic bonds, as well as hydrophobic forces

A

Tertiary Structure

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11
Q

association of various subunits (folded polypeptides) to produce a specific macromolecule.
eg four globin chains to make a hemoglobin molecule

A

Quaternary Structure

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12
Q

the pH of a solution where the protein will have a net charge of zero (neutral)

A

Isoelectric Point (pI)

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13
Q

most plasma proteins have a pI around _ or _

negatively charged at normal pH ____

A

4 or 5

7.4

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14
Q

breakage of bonds in the secondary and tertiary structures.
changes functionality of protein
may or may not be reversible

A

Denaturation

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15
Q

disruption of bonds in primary structure.

irreversible

A

Coagulation

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16
Q

Stomach

Parietal cells- release _________ ______
Chief cells- release _______ -> _____

A

hydrochloric acid

trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

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17
Q

Removal of amino group (-NH2) to produce an α-keto acid and ammonia

A

Deamination

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18
Q

Transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to an α-keto acid to produce a different amino acid (and new α-keto acid)

A

Transamination

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19
Q

Transamination

catalyzed by aminotransferases, give two examples

AST and ALT are found in high levels in ____, _______, _________

A

aminotransferases

aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

liver, heart and skeletal muscle tissue

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20
Q

reaction of peptide bonds of proteins with copper ions at an alkaline pH.
violet color produced proportional to the number of peptide bonds (=amount of protein)

A

Biuret Method for Total Protein

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21
Q

__________ ____- prevents autoreduction of cupric ions
(Cu2+  Cu+)
_____ _________ _______- maintains cupric ions in solution at alkaline pH

A

potassium iodide

sodium-potassium-tartrate

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22
Q

What are two tests that the biuret method is not used for?

A

NOT used for urines (ammonia interferes) or for CSF proteins (not sensitive enough for low levels)

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23
Q

specific dyes will selectively bind to proteins:

Albumin: __________ or _________
Urine proteins: __________ ______ _______
Electrophoresis: _______ ________, _______ _____

A

bromocresol green (BCG) or bromocresol purple (BCP)

Coomassie Brilliant Blue

Amido black, Acid violet

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24
Q

Reference Ranges

Total Protein __– __ g/L

Albumin __ – __ g/L

A

60-80

35-55

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25
Q

high ionic strength= ____ resolution
lower mobility gives higher resolution (distinct bands), but are crowded together

low ionic strength= ___ resolution
higher mobility separates bands over larger area, but are more diffuse and less distinct

A

high

low

26
Q

Movement of buffer in the direction _______ to protein migration

A

opposite

27
Q

slowest moving proteins (gamma) will be swept backwards towards _____- (_______migration)

A

cathode

Cathodic

28
Q

Ohms Law =

A

E=I X R

voltage=current x resistance)

29
Q

Albumin is ________ moving, so farthest migration towards anode.
Gamma globulins display _________ migration from point-of-application (POA) due to electroendosmosis

A

fastest

cathodic

30
Q

What are two functions of albumin?

A

transport- bilirubin, hormones, calcium, magnesium, fatty acids, uric acid

regulation of osmotic (oncotic) pressure between plasma and interstitial fluid

31
Q

What does alpha-antitrypsin do?

A

Neutralizes proteases

32
Q

What does Alpha lipoproteins do?

A

high density lipoproteins (HDL) for transport of cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins

33
Q

What does thyroid binding globulin do?

A

transport of thyroid hormones in blood

34
Q

What does alpha fetoprotein do?

A

present in fetal serum, infants and pregnant females

35
Q

What does haptoglobin do?

A

binds free hemoglobin in plasma

36
Q

what does ceruloplasmin do?

A

transport of copper in plasma

37
Q

what does alpha2-macroglobulin do?

A

binds and inhibits proteases

largest portion of α2 band

38
Q

what does Pre-beta-lipoproteins do?

A

very low density lipoproteins

39
Q

what does VLDL do?

A

transport of cholesterol

40
Q

what does transferrin do

A

iron transport

41
Q

what does hemopexin do

A

heme binding

42
Q

what does β2-microglobulin do

A

HLA complex on cell surfaces

43
Q

what does C3 and C4 do

A

complement components

44
Q

what does CRP- C-reactive protein do

A

(opsonization)

45
Q

IgA- broad bridge (β-γ bridging)

__________ in liver disease

A

increased

46
Q

What does the Gamma band contain?

A

diffuse band of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgD and IgE)

47
Q 
excessive loss
   nephrotic syndrome,      burns, blood loss
decreased intake
   diet, malnutrition
liver disease
immunodeficiency disorders
accelerated protein breakdown
    muscular dystrophy, burns
A

Hypoproteinemia

48
Q 
Albumin
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: dehydration
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: 
liver disease
nephrotic syndrome
acute phase reactions
malnutrition/starvation
A

Increased

Decreased

49
Q

α1 -antitrypsin
_________: inflammation
_________: emphysema

A

increased

decreased

50
Q

α1- lipoprotein (HDL)
__________: hyperlipidemia
__________: liver disease

A

increased

decreased

51
Q

α1- fetoprotein

_______: pregnancy, neural tube defects (spina bifida), primary liver cancer

A

increased

52
Q

haptoglobin
_______: inflammation, Hodgkin’s, AMI
________: hemolytic anemia, liver disease

A

increased

decreased

53
Q

ceruloplasmin
_________: pregnancy
_________: Wilson’s disease

A

increased

decreased

54
Q

α2 - macroglobulin
________: nephrotic syndrome
________: multiple myeloma

A

increased

decreased

55
Q

transferrin
_________: anemias
_________: nephrotic, liver disease

A

increased

decreased

56
Q

β2-microglobulin

________: renal failure, inflammation, lymphocyte disorders

A

increased

57
Q

β lipoproteins (LDL)

_______: hyperlipidemia

A

increased

58
Q

C reactive protein (CRP)

_________: atherosclerosis, inflammation

A

increased

59
Q

the gamma band increases when there are ______ and ____ _____

A

infections

liver disease

60
Q

Sharp bands appear in the gamma band when there is _____ ______

A

multiple myeloma

61
Q

the gamma band decreases when there is ______ _____ and _____ _____

A

immune deficiencies

lymphocytic leukemia

62
Q

when a group of proteins produced by liver that increase when there is inflammation, infections and trauma.

A

Acute phase proteins

Clinical Chemistry CHEM 252 (1 decks)

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