Amino Acid Anabolism Flashcards
List the 10 NONessential amino acids
Ala, Asp, Asn, *Cys, Glu, *Gln, Gly, Pro, Ser, *Tyr
List the 10 essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL
Phe, Val, Trp, Thr, Ile, Met, His, *Arg, Leu, Lys
Conditionally essential amino acid: This amino acid is essential for neonates because this pathway is not well developed in newborns
Cysteine
Conditionally essential amino acid: This amino acid is essential for PKU patients; require Phe (essential)
Tyrosine
Conditionally essential amino acid: This amino acid is required for growing infants and under severe illness
Glutamine
Conditionally Essential amino acid: This amino acid is generally considered essential even though it is generated in the urea cycle.
Arginine
Describe the synthesis of Glutamate
alpha-ketoglutarate to Glutamate via Glutamate dehydrogenase, transaminases, etc.
Describe the synthesis of Glutamine
Glutamate–>Glutamine via Glutamine synthesis
Describe the synthesis of Alanine
pyruvate–>Alanine via ALT (Alanine transaminase)
Describe the synthesis of Aspartate
OAA–>Asp via AST (Aspartate transaminase)
Describe the synthesis of Asparagine
Aspartate–>Asparagine via Asparagine synthetase
Describe the synthesis of Tyrosine
Phenylalanine–>Tyrosine via phenylalanine hydroxylase
Describe the synthesis of Proline
Glutamate–>Prline via a 3 step pathway (later described)
Describe the synthesis of Serine
3-P-glycerate–>Serine via a 3 step pathway (later described)
Describe the synthesis of Glycine
Serine–>Glycine via H4 folate in 1-carbon pool
Describe the synthesis of Cysteine
Serine–>Cysteine using Methionine as sulfur source
1st step of making either Proline or Ornithine from Glutamate
Glutamate–>Glutamate semialdehyde using “uncharacterized enzymes”; ATP–>ADP = Pi, NADH–>NAD+
Two fates of Glutamate Semialdehyde
1) Glutamate semialdehyde–>Ornithine via aminotransferase. Ornithine is an intermediate in the urea cycle and can potentially make Arginine.
2) Glutamate semialdehyde–>pyrroline carboxylate (spontaneous rxn)–>Proline via Pyyroline-5-carboxylase reductase