amines and amides Flashcards
what is a quaternary ammonium ion
it is when the tertiary amine has lone pairs and this bonds with a fourth organic group
how do you prepare a primary aliphatic amine
by the reaction of ammonia with halogenoalkanes and by the reduction of nitriles.
how are aromatic amines formed
by the reduction of nitro compounds
what are aromatic amines used for
the manufacture of dyes , pharmaceuticals
are amines weak/strong acids/bases
weak bases
what is the difference in base strength between ammonia, primary aliphatic and primary aromatic amines.
aliphatic > ammonia > aromatic
are amines nucleophiles or electrophiles
nucleophiles as they have a lone pair of electrons
what can be used as a cationic surfactant
quaternary ammonium salts with at least one long hydrocarbon chain
what does the strength of the base depend on
on how available the nitrogens lone pair of electrons is. (so high electron density means more available)
what is needed to reduce a nitrile
LiAlH4 , a strong reducing agent and followed by a dilute acid
in industry how are nitriles reduced and what is the name of this process
catalytic hydrogenation:
reduced using hydorgen gas with a platinum/nickel catalyst at high temperature and pressure
how do you reduce a nitro compound in two steps
1, heat in tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid under REFLUX
2. add an alkali such as NaOH
what is an amide
a carboxylic acid derivative -CONH2
