Amines Flashcards
Describe the structure of an amine.
Derived from ammonia molecules and all contain a nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic group e.g. an alkyl group.
Describe the structure of a primary amine.
One alkyl group replaces hydrogen.
2 hydrogens and 1 alkyl group
Describe the structure of secondary amines.
2 alkyl groups replace hydrogens;
2 alkyl groups and 1 hydrogen.
Describe the structure of tertiary amines.
Three alkyl groups replace the three hydrogens.
Describe the structure of a quaternary ion.
4 alkyl groups surround the nitrogen therefore it has a positive charge.
How can primary aliphatic amines be prepared?
By the reaction of ammonia (NH3) with halogenoalkanes
AND
The reduction of nitriles.
What is an aromatic amine?
A primary amine.
What is a cationic surfactant?
Quaternary ammonia salts that have a long hydrocarbon ‘tail’;
Quaternary salts are made from a positive head group and is attracted to negative ions.
State some of the uses of cationic surfactants.
Used to make cleaning products such as shampoo, laundry detergents and washing up liquids.
How do cationic surfactants work?
The non-polar tail is attracted to the oil/grease;
The polar head will be attracted to the water;
This allows the water and oil to mix and removes grease from clothing, skin and dishes.
How can amines act as bases?
Amines have a lone pair of electrons that allows them to accept a proton.
How does the proton bind to the amine?
Via a dative covalent bond;
Both electrons in the bond originate from the lone pair on the nitrogen.
What is the strength of the base dependent on?
The availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen;
The higher the electron density the more readily available the electrons are.
What is electron density on the nitrogen dependent on?
The type of group attached to the nitrogen.
State the order of base strength from weakest to strongest.
Aromatic amines> ammonia > primary aliphatic amines