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Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System > Amine Transmitters > Flashcards

Amine Transmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Where are amine transmitters released from?

A

Axon bouton

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2
Q

Name the 5 amine transmitters

A 
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Dopamine
Serotonin (5HT)
Histamine
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3
Q

What do amine systems do?

A

Modulate fast excitation or inhibition

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4
Q

What is the origin of the noradrenaline pathways?

A

Locus coeruleus

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5
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline at the brainstem?

A

Blood pressure control (baroreceptor reflex)

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6
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline at descending pathways?

A

Movement and pain

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7
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline at ascending pathways?

A 
Arousal and mood
Cognitive process
Learning and memory
Movement
Attention
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8
Q

Depletion of noradrenaline in the forebrain can contribute to what?

A

Depression

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9
Q

Describe noradrenaline synthesis

A

1) Tyrosine from diet enters neurone
2) Tyrosine -> L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase
3) L-DOPA -> dopamine by AADC or dopa decarboxylase
4) Dopamine is packaged into vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporters
5) Dopamine -> Noradrenaline by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

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10
Q

What happens to noradrenaline synthesis if tyrosine hydroxylase saturated?

A

Noradrenaline unaltered by increased substrate

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11
Q

Does tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase synthesis increase on demand?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Noradrenaline synthesis increases by what molecule?

A

L-DOPA

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13
Q

What does a blockade of vesicular uptake (by reserpine) cause?

A

Depression

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14
Q

Name the 2 enzymes that degrade noradrenaline

A 
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
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15
Q

A MAO inhibitor is used as what?

A

Antidepressant

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16
Q

COMT overexpression leads to what phenotype?

A

Schizophrenic

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17
Q

What effect does cocaine have of noradrenaline uptake?

A

Blocks uptake

Leads to reward

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18
Q

What effect does amphetamine have on the noradrenaline system?

A

Displaces noradrenaline

Stimulatory effects

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19
Q

Where are the origins of dopamine pathways?

A

Midbrain:
(Substantia nigra (SN)
Ventral tegmental area (VTA))

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20
Q

Dopamine pathways from the substantia nigra go to where? What do they control?

A

Striatum

Movement

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21
Q

Dopamine pathways from the ventral tegmental area go to where?
What do they control?

A

Cortex and hippocampus

Attention, emotion and reward

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22
Q

How many types of dopamine receptors are there?

23
Q

How many types of noradrenaline receptors are there?

24
Q

What sort of side effects can dopamine have?

A

Vomiting

Abnormal pituitary hormonal output

25
Describe dopamine synthesis and inactivation | Hint = similar to noradrenaline
1) Tyrosine enters neurone 2) Tyrosine -> L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase 3) L-DOPA -> dopamine by dopa decarboxylase 4) Dopamine packaged in vesicle and released into synaptic cleft Reuptake by specific DA transporter and repackaged OR Degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
26
The degeneration of what system causes Parkinson's disease?
Nigrostriatal system
27
Give 3 examples of treatments for Parkinson's.
L-DOPA MAO inhibitors COMT inhibitors (increase DA pathways)
28
Overactivity of DA mesolimbic/mesocortical pathways causes what disorder?
Schizophrenia
29
What is the treatment for schizophrenia?
Psychotropics | decrease DA pathways
30
5HT is also known as what?
Serotonin | Happiness chemical
31
Where is the origin of 5HT pathways?
Raphe nuclei (brainstem)
32
Where do 5HT pathways from the dorsal + median raphe go to?
Forebrain | cortex, hippocampus
33
Where do 5HT pathways from the caudal raphe go to?
Cerebellum
34
How many types of 5HT receptors are there?
7
35
What type of receptors are 5HT receptors?
Ligand gated
36
What type of receptors are noradrenaline receptors?
GPCRs
37
What type of receptors are dopamine receptors?
GPCRs
38
What effect does 5HT pathways have on mood?
Dysfunction/decrease leads to depression
39
What effect do 5HT pathways have on sleep?
Activation -> Wakefulness/insomnia | Decreased activity -> Sleep/sedation
40
What effect do 5HT pathways have on feeding?
Increase -> Loss of appetite | Decrease -> Feeding
41
What effect do 5HT pathways have on sensory transmission?
Gate spinal transmission | Cortical input decrease sensory overload
42
Describe 5HT synthesis
1) Tryptophan from diet enters neurone 2) Tryptophan -> 5-hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase 3) 5-hydroxytryptophan -> 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) by AADC 4) 5HT packaged into vesicles and released into synaptic cleft
43
Packaging of 5HT into vesicles can be blocked by what?
Reserpine
44
Describe 5HT inactivation
Reuptake into neurone | Degradation by MAO (5HTIAA)
45
5HT inactivation can be blocked by what?
Antidepressants (SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
46
Where are the acetylcholine pathways?
1) Magnocellular neurones -> cortex/limbic system 2) Pedunculopontine + laterodorsal tegumental nuclei (brainstem) -> descending pathways, cerebellum, brainstem thalamus 3) Local interneurons in basal ganglia
47
What type of receptors are ACh receptors?
Both nicotinic (ionotropic) + muscarinic (GPCR)
48
What effect does increased ACh have to arousal?
Increased arousal
49
Degeneration of the basal forebrain nuclei leads to what disorder?
Alzheimer's
50
What transmitter is mostly associated with memory?
Acetylcholine
51
Describe ACh synthesis
1) Choline from diet enter neurone via active uptake 2) Acetyl-CoA (from mito) binds to choline to make acetylcholine by choline acetyltransferase 3) Active transport into vesicles and released into synaptic cleft
52
What enzyme inactivates acetylcholine?
Acetylcholinesterase
53
Where does ACh inactivation occur?
Synaptic cleft
54
Increased acetylcholine is a treatment for what?
Alzheimer's

Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System (4 decks)

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