Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System > Amine Transmitters > Flashcards

Amine Transmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Where are amine transmitters released from?

A

Axon bouton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 5 amine transmitters

A 
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Dopamine
Serotonin (5HT)
Histamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do amine systems do?

A

Modulate fast excitation or inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the origin of the noradrenaline pathways?

A

Locus coeruleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline at the brainstem?

A

Blood pressure control (baroreceptor reflex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline at descending pathways?

A

Movement and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline at ascending pathways?

A 
Arousal and mood
Cognitive process
Learning and memory
Movement
Attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Depletion of noradrenaline in the forebrain can contribute to what?

A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe noradrenaline synthesis

A

1) Tyrosine from diet enters neurone
2) Tyrosine -> L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase
3) L-DOPA -> dopamine by AADC or dopa decarboxylase
4) Dopamine is packaged into vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporters
5) Dopamine -> Noradrenaline by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to noradrenaline synthesis if tyrosine hydroxylase saturated?

A

Noradrenaline unaltered by increased substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase synthesis increase on demand?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Noradrenaline synthesis increases by what molecule?

A

L-DOPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does a blockade of vesicular uptake (by reserpine) cause?

A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the 2 enzymes that degrade noradrenaline

A 
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A MAO inhibitor is used as what?

A

Antidepressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

COMT overexpression leads to what phenotype?

A

Schizophrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What effect does cocaine have of noradrenaline uptake?

A

Blocks uptake

Leads to reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effect does amphetamine have on the noradrenaline system?

A

Displaces noradrenaline

Stimulatory effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are the origins of dopamine pathways?

A

Midbrain:
(Substantia nigra (SN)
Ventral tegmental area (VTA))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dopamine pathways from the substantia nigra go to where? What do they control?

A

Striatum

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dopamine pathways from the ventral tegmental area go to where?
What do they control?

A

Cortex and hippocampus

Attention, emotion and reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many types of dopamine receptors are there?

A

5

23
Q

How many types of noradrenaline receptors are there?

A

4

24
Q

What sort of side effects can dopamine have?

A

Vomiting

Abnormal pituitary hormonal output

25
Q

Describe dopamine synthesis and inactivation

Hint = similar to noradrenaline

A

1) Tyrosine enters neurone
2) Tyrosine -> L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase
3) L-DOPA -> dopamine by dopa decarboxylase
4) Dopamine packaged in vesicle and released into synaptic cleft

Reuptake by specific DA transporter and repackaged
OR
Degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

26
Q

The degeneration of what system causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

Nigrostriatal system

27
Q

Give 3 examples of treatments for Parkinson’s.

A

L-DOPA
MAO inhibitors
COMT inhibitors
(increase DA pathways)

28
Q

Overactivity of DA mesolimbic/mesocortical pathways causes what disorder?

A

Schizophrenia

29
Q

What is the treatment for schizophrenia?

A

Psychotropics

decrease DA pathways

30
Q

5HT is also known as what?

A

Serotonin

Happiness chemical

31
Q

Where is the origin of 5HT pathways?

A

Raphe nuclei (brainstem)

32
Q

Where do 5HT pathways from the dorsal + median raphe go to?

A

Forebrain

cortex, hippocampus

33
Q

Where do 5HT pathways from the caudal raphe go to?

A

Cerebellum

34
Q

How many types of 5HT receptors are there?

A

7

35
Q

What type of receptors are 5HT receptors?

A

Ligand gated

36
Q

What type of receptors are noradrenaline receptors?

A

GPCRs

37
Q

What type of receptors are dopamine receptors?

A

GPCRs

38
Q

What effect does 5HT pathways have on mood?

A

Dysfunction/decrease leads to depression

39
Q

What effect do 5HT pathways have on sleep?

A

Activation -> Wakefulness/insomnia

Decreased activity -> Sleep/sedation

40
Q

What effect do 5HT pathways have on feeding?

A

Increase -> Loss of appetite

Decrease -> Feeding

41
Q

What effect do 5HT pathways have on sensory transmission?

A

Gate spinal transmission

Cortical input decrease sensory overload

42
Q

Describe 5HT synthesis

A

1) Tryptophan from diet enters neurone
2) Tryptophan -> 5-hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase
3) 5-hydroxytryptophan -> 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) by AADC
4) 5HT packaged into vesicles and released into synaptic cleft

43
Q

Packaging of 5HT into vesicles can be blocked by what?

A

Reserpine

44
Q

Describe 5HT inactivation

A

Reuptake into neurone

Degradation by MAO (5HTIAA)

45
Q

5HT inactivation can be blocked by what?

A

Antidepressants (SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

46
Q

Where are the acetylcholine pathways?

A

1) Magnocellular neurones -> cortex/limbic system
2) Pedunculopontine + laterodorsal tegumental nuclei (brainstem) -> descending pathways, cerebellum, brainstem thalamus
3) Local interneurons in basal ganglia

47
Q

What type of receptors are ACh receptors?

A

Both nicotinic (ionotropic) + muscarinic (GPCR)

48
Q

What effect does increased ACh have to arousal?

A

Increased arousal

49
Q

Degeneration of the basal forebrain nuclei leads to what disorder?

A

Alzheimer’s

50
Q

What transmitter is mostly associated with memory?

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

Describe ACh synthesis

A

1) Choline from diet enter neurone via active uptake
2) Acetyl-CoA (from mito) binds to choline to make acetylcholine by choline acetyltransferase
3) Active transport into vesicles and released into synaptic cleft

52
Q

What enzyme inactivates acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

53
Q

Where does ACh inactivation occur?

A

Synaptic cleft

54
Q

Increased acetylcholine is a treatment for what?

A

Alzheimer’s

Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions