AMH2020 Final Exam Review pt. 3 Flashcards
the 1970s was most associated with the term “_________”
malaise
malaise
a combination of depression and anxiety
what spurred this feelings?
economic issues
what emotions characterized the decade?
hopelessness, fear, and anxiety
what political movement emerged in the 1970s?
New Right Conservatism
what was the main political theme in the previous decade (1960s)?
liberalism
5 short term causes of the economic crisis of the 1970s
- the oil embargo & energy crisis
- auto industry slump
- rising inflation
- federal deficit
- foreign competition
embargo
when a country refuses to ship or sell a product to another country
who was OPEC?
a collective organization of the most oil rich nations
why did OPEC enforce an oil embargo against the US?
the US had supported Israel in a lot of middle eastern conflicts
why did the oil embargo result in an energy crisis and economic issues?
shutting down the countries main source of energy caused shortages and raised prices
how did the energy crisis segway into an auto industry slump?
people bought more foreign cars because they were more fuel efficient and thus served energy
what was a consequence of the auto industry slump?
increased unemployment
why did the cost of basic goods increase (inflation)?
businesses had to balance out the high shipping costs they were paying
what caused the federal deficit?
the government went into debt from the expensive vietnam war and LBJ’s great society programs (medicare, medicaid, etc.)
what created competition for american businesses?
an increase in Americans purchasing foreign goods
the short term causes of the economic crisis combined to create _________.
stagflation
stagflation
a combination of inflation and stagnation (stagnant economy)
de industrialization
the decline of American manufacturing economy
- a long term causes of the economic crisis
2 main regions where most manufacturing was taking place:
Northeast and Midwest
what happened in the Northeast and Midwest in the 1970s?
factories started to decline in these areas and outsource
outsource
businesses moving overseas for the benefits
⭐️ why did businesses outsource to asia and latin america?
- cheaper labor
- less regulation
- cheaper raw materials
- cheaper land
- new markets
- fewer unions
- fewer taxes
what area offered the same benefits to businesses as outsourcing?
the sunbelt
the sunbelt
the entire lower third of the country (carolina’s to california)
the rust belt
all the former industrial regions that see economic decline after deindustrialization
- another long-term cause of the economic crisis
what was binghamton, NY known as in the 1940s-1960s?
the valley of opportunity
⭐️ what happened when businesses left Binghamton after undergoing deindustrialization?
it created a void in the economy and forced a gradual shift to a service economy (created low paying service jobs)
what businesses were left behind when the industries left?
healthcare and education
⭐️ what was the biggest difference between the 2 economies?
the range of wages
⭐️ why does a service economy create a wider wage gap?
the middle class disappears
how was vietnam partitioned?
communist North and anti communist South
how was vietnam’s planning to reunite under one government?
through the 1956 elections
why did the US pressure the South vietnamese gov to cancel the election?
the US was trying to prevent communist rule in all of vietnam
the US had a ________ _______ in preventing communism in the midst of the Cold War
vested interest
what happened when the elections were canceled?
north vietnam invaded south vietnam in a war of reunification
2 fighting forces for North vietnam:
- North Vietnamese Army (NVA): official army that invaded from the north
- Vietcong: unconventional fighting force, infiltrated villages in South Vietnam (internal work)
the US covertly _________ support for South Vietnam
increased
how long did it take the US to officially get involved in group work for the vietnam war?
~ 10 years (1955-1965)
what was the American assumption about the war?
it would be short
what happened to the war by 1968?
it had devolved into a stalemate (no one was winning)
what did president LBJ do when realized the war was unpopular?
opened peace negotiations with North Vietnam in attempt to end the war
what was Nixon’s presidential campaign based on and how did this create a vested interest in the peace negotiations?
a top secret plan to win the war, which means he needed the peace negotiations to fail so that the American people still needed his ideas
what role did henry kissinger play in the peace negotiations?
he conspired with Nixon, leaking information and purposefully undermining the negotiations to continue the war
what was the result of Kissingers actions?
trust was broken between the negotiations
what did nixon do once elected in 1968?
named kissinger his secretary of state
what was the name of nixon’s plan for the vietnam war?
vietnamization
2 parts of vietnamization:
- gradual reduction of US troop levels
- more bombing campaigns in North Vietnam (to replace missions)
what was the purpose of reducing troop levels?
to push more responsibility of fighting onto South Vietnam
why was the bomb campaign unsuccessful?
it just caused a lot of civilian casualties and there wasn’t any major infrastructure in the region (all farmland)
where did henry kissinger authorize bombings?
the neutral nation of cambodia
what was kissinger’s goal with bombing cambodia?
to detroy the part of the ho chi minh trail that had dipped towards cambodia
ho chi minh trail
supply line for vietcong that ran from the north to the south
kissinger’s bombing attempts were _______ and ________
unsuccessful (only killed civilians), illegal (can’t bomb neutral countries)
what was the result of the press leaking kissinger’s top secret mission?
bad relations between Nixon/Kissinger and the press
the paris peace accords (1973)
peace negotiations between US and North Vietnam
what was the paris peace accords to North and Soith Vietnam?
a temporary truce
did South Vietnam have any input in the paris peace accords?
no
what was the paris peace accords to the US?
a way out or the vietnam war
what was the american public’s reaction to the paris peace accords?
they were unhappy because we were leaving without a victory after so long
the fall of saigon 1975
north vietnam forces make one last huge offensive into south vietnam and take the capitol of Saigon, marking the end of the war
who won the Vietnam war?
north vietnam
saigon airlifts
when US personnel were required to evacuate during the attack on saigon
the saigon airlifts were _____ and _______ for americans
humiliating, scaring
the 1970s saw a ________ of political divide in the US defined by _______ political movements
solidification, 2
who did this political divide affect responses to critical moments?
it filtered reactions through a specific political lense (either conservative or liberal)
what was the one defining difference between american liberalism and new right conservatism?
disagreement over whether he size and role of the federal government
liberal beliefs:
- a large, active federal government (one that provides a social safety net through welfare programs and consistently works for social justice through policies)
- secular - not religiously informed
conservative beliefs:
- weak federal gov and strong local gov’s (leaves the responsibility of welfare to private entities like churches and the role of social justice to the local level)
- more religious (influences policy)
what was the biggest political crisis of the 1970s?
the watergate scandal
what was watergate and what was located there?
a hotel with office spaces that contained the democratic nation HQs
the watergate scandal
june 17, 1973: 5 men arrested for breaking into watergate’s democratic offices with illegal surveillance equipment
what was discovered and released by press about watergate?
2/5 arrested men were working for Nixon’s reelection campaign and there were direct financial links between his administration and the break in
what was the name of the newspaper that released watergate’s scandal?
the washington post
what happened in may 1973?
senate began its own investigation into watergate
what proof was found for watergate?
Nixon ordered a cover up of any connections (BUT no evidence was found that he ordered it)
what was the House considering by June 1974?
articles of impeachment
impeachment
the charging of a crime without immediate sentence
what would an impeachment trial determine?
if the president is guilty of the crime they’re charged for and should be removed from office
what was Nixon’s reaction to the possibility of being impeached?
he resigned (to avoid trial)
aside from resigning, how did Nixon avoid a trail for his crimes?
his successor Gerald Ford pardoned him as soon as he took office
what was the liberal reaction to Nixon’s resignation?
they were happy he left office but upset because they saw him as very guilty of corruption
what was the conservative reaction to Nixon’s resignation?
they didn’t care about the watergate scandal but were also upset because they saw it as a political hit job against conservative presidency
what was a major goal of the feminist movement of the 1960s/70s?
the equal rights amendment
equal rights amendment
proposed constitutional amendment which would have secured gender equality
what happened when congress passed the ERA?
it went to state legislatures to be ratified (needed 2/3 of states)
what was the progress on the ERA by 1972?
it was 4 states short of ratification
who was the activist that arose to stop the ratification of the ERA?
Phyllis Schlafly
what did Phyllis Schlafly believe?
that women were the most privilege group to ever exist and that they wouldn’t wish to compete on an equal basis with men
what did Phyllis believe about the ERA?
its ratification would lead to a unisex society, eroding the american family and thus society as a whole
Schlafly’s movement of conservative women was _________ in interrupting the ERA’s ratification.
successful
what did Schlafly’s movement show?
that the conservative movement of the 1970s was effective and influential
roe v. wade (1973)
supreme court case that dealt with the issue of abortion
at the time, abortion was handled strictly on the ________ level
state
what was the feminist movement’s argument?
that there needed to be a federal mandate on legalized abortion because it was a women’s rights issue
what was the courts federal ruling?
the right to an abortion within the first trimester in all states
how did the supreme court justify its ruling?
right to privacy because it is a medical issue
who supported the ruling?
liberals
how did conservative view the ruling?
as a moral issue instead of medical
University of California v. Bakke (1978)
supreme court case that deals with the issue of affirmative action
affirmative action
a mandate for any type of public institution to take “affirmative action” to diversify those institutions
what was the most popular way for colleges/universities to institute affirmative action?
the quota system
the quota system
when numbers are applied to each minority category for acceptance to the institution (meaning a certain amount of each minority must be admitted)
why did Bakke sue the medical school at University of California Davis when he was denied admission?
he was a white man who believed he lost his spot to “a less deserving minority candidate”
what were the courts rulings in bakke v. university of california?
- Bakke must be admitted
- the quota system was unconstitutional
- affirmative action would be upheld “generally”
how did the national media frame the court’s decision?
as a massive blow to affirmative action
what were liberal attitudes towards the ruling?
they opposed it, seeing it as a threat to affirmative action (thought that schools would lose diversity and progress for minorities)
what were conservative attitudes towards the ruling?
they wished that the court had gone further and completely eliminated affirmative action
