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History GCSE Edexcel > American West > Flashcards

American West Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most vital animal to Plains Indians?

A
  • Buffalo
  • Bisons
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2
Q

What different ways were the buffalo used?

A
  • Tipis
  • Clothing
  • Weaponry
  • Food storage
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3
Q

What is a tribe?

A
  • Group of bands
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4
Q

What is a band?

A
  • Subgroups of tribes
  • 30 to 200 people
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5
Q

What does a band consist of?

A
  • Chief
  • Warrior society
  • Council of elders
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6
Q

What style did the Plains Indians live in?

A
  • Nomadic
  • Constantly moved around
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7
Q

Why did the Plains Indians live a nomadic lifestyle?

A
  • Follow migrations of buffalo
  • Escape harsh weather
  • Forage for new food
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8
Q

What were Plains Indians men called?

A
  • ‘Braves’
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9
Q

What were Plains Indians women called?

A
  • ‘Squaws’
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10
Q

What did the men do within a band?

A
  • Hunting
  • Protecting
  • Defending
  • Taught children survival skills
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11
Q

What did the women do within a band?

A
  • Cooking
  • Housework
  • Clothing
  • Taught children survival skills
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12
Q

What did the Plains Indians believe in?

A
  • Unowned land
  • Mother Nature
  • Spirits
  • Visions
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13
Q

What animals were considered sacred?

A
  • Buffalo
  • Eagle
  • Lives only taken when necessary
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14
Q

How was war different for Plains Indians?

A
  • Flee than fighting
  • Scalping
  • Counting coup
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15
Q

What is counting coup?

A
  • Touching an opponent without being harmed
  • Killing them
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16
Q

What was the climate of the plains like?

A
  • Extreme weather conditions
  • Prairie grass
  • Strong winds all year
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17
Q

Why did people migrate West?

A
  • Economic depression
  • Government encouragement
  • Homestead Act 1862
  • Manifest Destiny
  • Gold Rush
  • Mormons escaping persecution
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18
Q

What is the Oregon Trail?

A
  • 3200 KM
  • Independence Missouri to Oregon City
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19
Q

Who were the Donner Party?

A
  • Group of 87
  • Took a shortcut from Oregon Trail
  • Cannibalism
  • 41 died
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20
Q

What were the consequences of the Donner Party failure?

A
  • Discouraged migration
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21
Q

How was Mormonism founded?

A
  • Joseph Smith
  • Translated golden plates in his garden
22
Q

Why were the Mormons persecuted?

A
  • Belief of polygamy
  • Anti slavery
23
Q

How were Mormons led to Utah (Salt Lake City)?

A
  • Joseph Smith’s death from a mob
  • Brigham Young led migration
  • Followed Oregon Trail
24
Q

Why was Brigham Young’s plan to migrate West successful?

A
  • Travelled in Spring
  • Irrigation systems
  • Assigned land
  • Invited skilled people to settle
  • Left food and crops by fresh water
  • Church owned land to keep order
25
Q

What was the Indian Removal Act?

A
  • 1830
  • Moved Plains Indians to the west of Mississippi River
26
Q

What was the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act?

A
  • 1834
  • Defined Plain Indians territory
27
Q

What was the Fort Laramie Treaty?

A
  • 1851
  • No hurting white settlers
  • $50k a year to remain on reservations
  • Railroads on the Great Plains
28
Q

What was the Indians Appropriations Act?

A
  • 1851
  • Forced onto reservations
29
Q

What are reservations?

A
  • Government controlled areas
  • Enclosed space for Plain Indians
30
Q

What were problems that were faced when farming the plains?

A
  • Low rainfall
  • Droughts
  • Low timber
  • Climate extremes
31
Q

What were used to resolve problems when farming the plains?

A
  • Windmill to pump water underground
  • Dry farming (plough after rain)
  • Sod buster (steel plough)
  • Sulky plough
  • Barbed wire
32
Q

What does the term ‘Federal territory’ mean?

A
  • Above the state
  • Entirety of America
  • Overrides state laws
33
Q

What is the ‘Wild West’?

A
  • Lawlessness
  • Towns had laws but weren’t enforced
34
Q

What are factors of lawlessness?

A
  • Behaviour
  • Low population
  • Slow reaction
  • Shortage of reliable officers
  • Corruption
  • Poverty
35
Q

What are vigilantes?

A
  • Enforces the law by breaking the law
  • Drove criminals away
36
Q

Why were sheriffs unreliable?

A
  • Poorly trained
  • Took bribes
  • False accusations
  • Low payment
37
Q

What were the punishments of crimes in mining towns?

A
  • Whipped
  • Hanging
  • Lynching ( hanging without trial )
38
Q

What is claim jumping in the West?

A
  • 10 square feet assigned to individuals
  • Selling claims littered with gold
  • Form of scam
39
Q

What is the Homestead Act?

A
  • 1862
  • Selling $10 for 160 acres of land
  • Must farm for 5 years
  • Pay $30 to confirm payment
40
Q

What were some features of the Homestead Act?

A
  • 60% dropout rate
  • 300 million acres in railroad
  • 6 million acres sold in total
  • Nebraska
  • Encouraged west migration
41
Q

What is the Timber Culture Act?

A
  • 1873
  • Additional 160 acres of land
  • 40 acres used for trees
42
Q

Why was the Timber Culture Act a success?

A
  • 16 million acres assigned
  • Reduced failure rate
  • Provided crop shelter from wind
43
Q

Why was the Timber Culture Act a failure?

A
  • Third didn’t grow
  • Struggled for survival
  • Loopholes and exploitation
44
Q

Which companies built the transcontinental railroad?

A
  • Union Pacific Railroad ( West, Chinese immigrants )
  • Central Pacific Railroad ( East, Irish and ex slaves )
  • Met in middle
45
Q

What are the consequences of the transcontinental railroad?

A
  • Increased tensions with Plains Indians
  • Killed buffalo to feed workforce
  • 12,000 deaths
  • 5000 soldiers for protection
  • $16,000 per mile
  • $48,000 per mountain mile
46
Q

What is Abilene?

A
  • Cow town
  • Kansas
  • 500 to 7000 population after railroad
  • 1870 jail torn down by cowboys
47
Q

Who were the town marshals of Abilene?

A
  • Thomas Smith 1870
  • Boxed cowboys
  • Banned carrying guns
  • Enforced law
  • Shot and killed
  • Wild Bill 1871
  • Did not enforce law
  • Respected but fired
  • 1871 cowboys banned from Abilene
48
Q

What are cowboys?

A
  • People who sold cows from barns
  • Gun fights
  • Gamblers and con men ( scammers )
49
Q

What did lawless towns usually consist of?

A
  • Brothels ( prostitution )
  • Casinos
  • Saloons
50
Q

Who were the Reno Gang?

A
  • Train robbers
  • Civil war outlaws
  • 1866 to 1868
  • Pinkerton National Detective Agency
  • Vigilantes lynched them after being caught

History GCSE Edexcel (2 decks)

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