American History: 1.2 Key Dates of Events and Statistics Flashcards
Congress passed 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery
31 January 1865
14th Amendment passed which made all people born or naturalised in the USA (inc. those who had been slaves) US Citizens
9 July 1868
15th Amendment passed declaring that all US citizens had the same voting rights
3 February 1870
Year when Fannie Lou Hamer went to vote in Ruleville, Mississippi and was sacked from her job and she was told that people weren’t “ready” for her to do this
1962
Year when black Americans were supposedly free and equal
1870
Year when Wilson introduced segregation in government offices and the White House
1913
Year when there was about 25 anti-black race riots, often set off by police injustice and hundreds were killed
1919
By which year did the South have a large number of Jim Crow Laws?
1917
By ? the number of black Americans registered to vote had dropped considerably
1917
Number of black voters in Louisiana
Fell from 130,334 in 1896 to 1,342 in 1904
Plessy vs Ferguson
1896
Lynchings of 65 white men and 579 black men
Between 1915 and 1930
Emmett Till lynched
1955
KKK revived
1915
Estimate of membership of KKK by 1925
Between 3 and 8 million
How many segregated people did Harding speak to at the Uni of Alabama about the evils of segregation?
30,000
Who were committed to Laissez-Faire?
Harding and Coolidge
Great Migration
1917-32
By ? almost 40% of African Americans in the North were living in Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati and Columbus Ohio
1920
Population of New York in 1910, 1920 and 1930
91,709
152,467
327,706
Population of Detroit in 1910, 1920 and 1930
5,741
40,838
120,066
Population of Chicago in 1910, 1920 and 1930
44,103
109,458
233,903
Great Depression
1929-39
During the 19…s black voters shifted from mainly voting republican (who abolished slavery) to voting democrat (New Deal)
1930s
NAACP established
1910
NAACP turned down the case of 9 young black men framed for raping 2 white girls on a train near Scottsboro, Alabama
1931
In the early 19…s, Birmingham, Alabama had 6 black American members of the NAACP and 3,000 + black American communists
1930s
Another depression hit the USA in
1937
Resettlement Administration set up by Executive Order 7027 in
May 1935
The Resettlement Administration still only helped
3,400 of 200,000+ farmers
In ….. around 2 million people signed a petition for Federal Aid to move to Africa
1939
In September ? WW2 broke out in Europe
1939
The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbour on
7 December 1941
USA’s first conscription bill pushed through Congress
1940
A. Philip Randolph threatened a 100,000 strong all-black march on Washington unless Roosevelt banned discrimination in the army and in defence factories
May 1941
Summer of 1942 - 3% of defence workers black
1944 - rose to …
8%
What year saw outbreaks of racist violence and strikes lead by white people over having to work with blacks for the war effort?
1943
In 19…, Truman set up the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, which called for equal opportunities in work and housing
1946
In 19…, Truman issued Executive Orders desegregating the military and all work done by businesses for the government
1948
UN set up
1945
Direct Action
1917-55
NAACP membership went from 9,000 in 1917 to 90,000 in 1919 and 600,000 in …
1946
Some separatists such as Marcus Garvey in the early 19…s suggested that the answer was to do what white racists told them to do - go back to Africa
Early 1920s
Thurgood Marshall
1908-93
Marshall became the NAACP’s chief legal counsel in …
1940
During the 1940s and 50s, Marshall took 32 segregation cases to the Supreme Court and won ? of them
29
Sweet Trial
1926
Murray vs Maryland
1936
Gaines vs Canada
1938
Morgan vs Virginia
1946
Shelley vs Kraemer
1948
Sweatt vs Painter and McLaurin Vs Oklahoma
1950
Brown Vs Board of Education of Topeka
1954
CORE set up
1942
Fellowship of Reconciliation founded
1914
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955
Rosa Parks
1 Dec 1955
Supreme Court ruled bus segregation as unconstitutional
13 Nov. 1956
King set up the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
1957
Little Rock integrated buses
1956
Little Rock,Arkansas
1957
Greensboro sit-in
1 Feb. 1960
SNCC set up (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
15 April 1960
Freedom Rides
1961
Birmingham
1963 (campaign began 3 April)
After Birmingham, 42% of people said that race was the USA’s most pressing problem. How many had said this in 1962?
Only 4%
March on Washington
August 1963
Freedom Summer
1964
About 17,000 blacks tried to register to vote in 1964. Only ? were accepted
1,600
Malcolm X
1925-65
Stokely Carmichael set up the Lowndes County Freedom Organisation
1965
Black power clenched fist symbol used by medalists in which Olympics?
Mexico 1968
Major riots in NY, Chicago and Philadelphia
1964
The Northern Crusades
1966
MLK assassinated
4 April 1968
Segregation of interstate buses banned all over the USA
25 Nov. 1955
Autherine Lucy - first black student to go to the Uni of Mississippi - white riots so bad she got expelled
Feb. - March 1956
102 Southern Congressmen signed the Southern Manifesto condemning Brown vs Board of Education
12 March 1956
James Meredith integrates the University of Mississippi- faced rioting and needed the help of 3,000 federal troops
30 Sep. 1962
The Governor of Alabama stops 2 black students desegregating the university - Kennedy takes over state troops to make it happen
11 June 1963
Medgar Evers (Leader of Mississippi NAACP) shot
12 June 1963
March on Washington
28 Aug. 1963
People @March on Washington
Est. 200,000 to 500,000
Black Church Sunday School (in Birmingham) bombed - 4 girls killed
15 Sept. 1963
Civil Rights Act passed banning discrimination in voting, public services and work
2 July 1964
MLK awarded Nobel Peace Prize
10 Dec. 1964
Civil Rights voter registration campaign in Selma, Montgomery - mass arrests, campaigner shot
2 July 1964
Selma to Montgomery March (in response to the shooting) - more arrests, more violence, federal troop escort ends the march
7 March 1965
Civil Rights Act sets up Civil Rights Commission and gives federal justice department more rights to supervise voter registration
29 Aug. 1957
Civil Rights Act -
Now crime to obstruct federal orders e.g. school desegregation by threat or force
Authorises federal “referees” for voting
6 May 1960
Kennedy’s Executive Order 1106 - bans discrimination in allocation of federal housing
20 Nov. 1962
Civil Rights Act bans discrimination for sex or race in hiring, firing and promoting
Equal Opportunities Commission set up to enforce this
2 July 1964
Voting Rights Act passed banning attempts to stop people voting because of race
Provisions put in place for 5 years
The enforcement provisions have to be reconfirmed with extensions in 1970, 1975, 1982 and 2007
6 Aug. 1965
Emergency School Aid Act - funds schools that are desegregating or struggling to desegregate
Follow up Act 2 years later
21 May 1970
Swann vs Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education- upholds policy of busing children out of poor areas to desegregated schools
20 April 1971
Education Amendments Act - restricts busing by giving more money to inner-city schools for improvements
23 June 1972
97% of black students remained in segregated schools
1968
In ?, 58% of blacks were still in segregated schools in Southern states
1968
Between 1965 and 66, a further ? black people registered to vote
230,000
The number of black voters in the US jumped from 4 million in ? to 6 million in ?
1960
1965
In ?, there was sit-ins in 200 cities which resulted in 161 desegregated restaurants and canteens
1963
During the 19…s and ….s, black unemployment was twice the national average
1950s and 60s
? out of the 31 states with the highest proportion of black people introduced Fair Employment Practice Laws
25
Unemployment of blacks was still 7% in ?
1968
The average income of a black person was 61% of the income of a white person in ?
1968
In ?, 80% of the public said they supported desegregation of education
1964
In ? only 50% of the public said they supported equal rights in housing
1964
