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American Expansion And Consolidation Flashcards

1
Q

Where were the Great Plains?

A

Between the Mississippi River (east) and the Rocky Mountains (west) in North America

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2
Q

What are the Great Plains also known as?

A

The Great American Desert

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3
Q

List 3 advantages of living on the Great Plains?

A
  • there were slow flowing rivers (source of water)
  • there was prairie grass in the east (edible) and shorter grass in the west for farming
  • there was lots of wildlife for food
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4
Q

List 2 disadvantages of living on the Great Plains?

A
  • the climate was very extreme and brought both freezing cold and very hot
  • in the summer the rivers dried up leaving no water supply
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5
Q

Where did the Plains Indians originally come from?

A

The areas in river valleys towards the east

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6
Q

List 4 reasons why the Indians moved on to the Plains?

A

Government
horses
diseases
trade goods

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7
Q

What is the name of the act which removed the Indians from the Mississippi River Valley?

A

The Indian removal act in 1830 - President Andrew Jackson

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8
Q

What was the Indian removal act?

A

A compromise that meant if the Indians moved west from the river they could have the uncultivated land which the Americans wouldn’t disturb

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9
Q

What was the role of horses?

A

Horses made it much easier to hunt and transport stored food and other belongings across the Great Plains. Indians counted their wealth in horses and so stealing horses was often a reason to raid other tribes

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10
Q

What was the Buffalo used for when hunted?

A 
The Buffalo provided the Indians with:
meat 
skins for wool, clothing, shoes and tepees sinews for thread, ropes and bowstrings
bones for implements
dung for fuel
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11
Q

Why did disease make the Indians move west?

A

The Europeans brought diseases which had a disastrous impact on the Indians. Indians began to flee to the plans to escape disease after many villages died

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12
Q

Why did trade goods make the Indians move onto the Plains?

A

Guns from traders change the balance of power in Indian warfare. Guns in the hands of enemies drove Indians onto the Great Plains

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13
Q

What type of lifestyle did the Plains Indians lead?

A

The Plains Indians lead an active nomadic lifestyle

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14
Q

What is a nomadic lifestyle?

A

A nomadic lifestyle is when a person moves around and does not settle in one place

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15
Q

Name three main Sioux Indian tribes?

A

Lakota, Yankton, Santee

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16
Q

Which way did the doorway of the Indian tipi face?

A

The doorway faced east (rising sun)

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17
Q

How was the tipi design beneficial due to the lack of wood on the Plains?

A

The tipi only required a few wooden poles as a frame and the rest of the structure was made from 10 to 20 Buffalo skins

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18
Q

Why was the tipi design efficient against strong winds?

A

The conical shape made it strong enough to resist strong winds

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19
Q

Why was the tipi design efficient due to extremes of temperature?

A

The bottom of the tipi could be rolled up to let airing during the summer months and weighed down by earth to keep heat in in the winter

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20
Q

Whose responsibility was the tipi?

A

It was the responsibility of the woman: they made it, owned it, put it up and moved it

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21
Q

How did the tipi benefit the nomadic lifestyle of the Indians?

A

It could be taken down and packed for transport in 10 minutes

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22
Q

What did Indians believe in when it came to marriage?

A

They married for love rather than arranged marriage. They would have to impress a woman to marry her. They also believed in Polygamy

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23
Q

Why did Polygamy work well for the Indians?

A

Polygamy worked well because there are more women than men

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24
Q

What was the name of the Great Spirit?

A

Wakan Tanka

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25
What were the Indians beliefs on land?
The Indians believed that they came from the land and would return to the land when they died. They believe that land could not be owned or bought by any individual or even by a nation.
26
What was significant about high land?
Indians believed Hylande was more sacred as they were closer to the spirit world. The Black Hills were particular sacred to them as this was the place where their religion began
27
What was the Indians believe in circles?
The Sioux believed in the circle of nature. Circles surrounded them: circular moon, sun and horizon. Indians lived the circle of life: birth, child, adult hood, second childhood and death. Villages and the Tipi were circular in honour of this
28
List three dances/ceremonies the Indians believed in?
The Buffalo dance, the scalp dance, the Sundance.
29
How did children get their names?
The boys would get their names by visiting a sweat lodge and starving themselves until they passed out and had a vision. The girls would get their names when they went through puberty and had their first period.
30
What was a medicine man?
People believe that medicine men could cure illness by using the spirits - all spirit power was considered medicine. People believe that they became ill if they possessed an evil spirit. Medicine man would try and drive out these evil spirits
31
What did the Indian children do?
The Indian children didn't go to school they were taught to ride at an early age. Boys learnt to hunt, and girls learnt how to maintain home. They only learnt lessons that they needed in life.
32
What was the role of old Indians?
Old Indians were able to give advice and council. They passed on the history of the people and were involved in helping to bring up the children. When they became too weak they were left behind, the survival of the band was of greater importance than any individual
33
What happened to wrongdoers in the Indian bands?
If an Indian did wrong they would be shamed by friends and family, this was a very effective punishment. In extreme cases the wrongdoer would be banished from the band because of the impact on the tribe
34
How did an Indian become a chief?
Chiefs were not elected or inherited, they became chief because of their wisdom spiritual/medicine power and their skills as hunters and warriors
35
What were the Indian men responsible for?
The Indian man responsible for hunting and protection of the band
36
List three methods of hunting the Buffalo:
Wolf disguise, stampede, horses
37
What is counting coup?
Counting coup was touching the enemy, usually with a cooping stick. It was considered braver to touch an enemy rather than to kill him
38
List two reasons why Indians scalped their enemies
Indians took scalps as evidence of their success, they were hung on their tipis to show their bravery. Indians believed that if a worrier lost his scalp he could not travel safely to the afterlife, he would also be disabled so the warrior wouldn't have to battle his enemy again in the afterlife
39
List to effective medicine ideas the Indians used
The placebo effect, active lifestyles, herbs, escaping diseases by moving
40
List two in-affective medicine ideas used by the Indians
The umbilical cord has no protective power over a child, banging on drums can't cure people, evil spirits can't be driven out of a person
41
What was an Indian child's umbilical cord turned into?
Boys: lizard or rattlesnake girls: turtle
42
What was the Indians belief on farming?
Indians saw farming like ploughing up an ancestors grave
43
What was the common misinterpretation outsiders believed about the Indians?
Outsiders often believed that Indians were uncivilised and savages
44
What is manifest destiny?
Manifest destiny: the belief to spread over and possess the whole of the continent which the world is given for the development of the experiment of liberty
45
Differences between the Mandan and the Sioux
The Mandan Indians believed in territory, farming and trading and did not live a nomadic lifestyle
46
List the order of the early settlers
Mountain men (moved for fur) Pioneer farmers Mormons Gold miners
47
Push factors why pioneer farmers moved west?
The United States was hit by economic depression in 1837, the price of wheat and corn collapsed
48
Pull factors why the pioneer farmers moved west?
In the 1840s reports began to make their way back saying how wonderful the West was
49
Pull and push factors (both) why the Pinoneer farmers moved west
Some farmers in the Mississippi Valley will beginning to feel crowded and needed more land, the west offfered land in enormous quantities. This was called the pre-emotion bill
50
Difficulties in dangers of the journey west
``` Extreme weather Landscape Indians food and water shortages Buffalo stampedes diseases warfare ```
51
The three case study parties
The sagas the goulds the donner party
52
Who founded the Mormons?
Joseph Smith
53
Reasons Mormons couldn't settle in the east
``` Their religious beliefs their attitude towards non-Mormons their success prejudiced against them their attitude towards Indians and slaves Polygamy ```
54
The Mormons movements
Kirtland Missouri Nauvoo Salt Lake City
55
Who took over the Mormons when Joseph Smith was killed?
Brigham Young
56
Brigham Young's pre organisation
He knew Salt Lake City was the most isolated area in the west with a fresh water supply and fertile land, the rockies were under Mexico's rule and were outside of us control, he had an arrangement with the Illinois government to be free from prosecution
57
How did Brigham Young solve the problem of land distribution in Salt Lake City?
The land was divided by the size of family and occupation. For example: a couple or a small family would get a 10 acre plot, people who didn't work on the land would get a 5 acre plot, and large families who farmed got an 80 acre plot
58
What did Young do when America beat the war against Mexico?
Young compromised with the us government so that the mormons could form a state and join the United States of America. The state was smaller than originally planned but became Utah
59
How did Young maintain and grow this state?
He sent groups of people with variety of skills to successfully build towns. The towns were built from the outside in so people couldn't build over into their land.
60
How did Young overcome the lack of people in Utah?
The perpetual emigrating fund was sent up to help newly converted mormons from across the world travel to Utah. People could travel for free and pay later when they started earning in the west
61
Mormon failures
Industrial - The Mormons tried hard to develop their industrial side by building factories and call materials but due to the lack of work is an extreme weather conditions this was unsuccessful Education - The schools were badly equipped and parents saw farming as more imprint at than education therefore only allowed the children to go to school for three months every year
62
Why did the Mormon war begin?
- Mormons charged extortionate prices to travel there? - rumours about Mormons plotting to krill gentiles spread - suspicion about the Mormons and Indians relationship grew - Young flouted is laws - prejudice
63
Who first discovered gold
James Marshall
64
What did newspaper claim gold miners in the west were making?
$1000 per day
65
What was the reality earnings of a western gold miner?
$3 per day
66
What happened in 1852?
The surface gold had gone and miners moved out
67
Who were the homesteaders?
Homesteaders were people from all over the world including families in poverty, ex soldiers and free ex slaves
68
Where did the homesteaders moved?
Onto the Plains
69
Why did the homesteaders move into the Plains?
They were offered huge amounts of land for free in exchange for the homesteaders to farm it and plant trees
70
What was the homestead act?
Each family getting 160 acres of land for free providing they farmed it for 5 years
71
What was the timber culture act and the desert land act?
Promising more land if they planted trees and more land instead that had low rainfall

History (1 decks)

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