American Civil Rights Y9 Flashcards
1
Q
What and when was the 13th amendment
A
1865- all slavery should be abolished
2
Q
What and when was the 14th amendment
A
1868- all people born in the US were full US citizens and have full protection of the law
3
Q
What and when was the 15th amendment
A
1870 all US citizens have the right to vote and this cannot be denied based on race or colour
4
Q
What did the KKK stand for
A
Ku Klux Klan
5
Q
Who were the kkk
A
A racist group who believed that white people were better and wanted black people to remain as slaves
6
Q
How many members were there in the KKK in the mid 1920s
A
Five million
7
Q
Who could join the KKK
A
Wasp
White
Anglo
Saxon
Protestants
8
Q
How did the KKK kill people
A
Lynching (hanging without trial)
9
Q
Where in America was it more segregated
A
The south
10
Q
When was the Plessy vs Ferguson case
A
1896
11
Q
What was the Plessy vs Ferguson case
A
Separate but equal facilities were constitutional
12
Q
What did states introduce to stop African Americans from voting
A
Literacy tests- African Americans were less educated and so they wouldn’t be able to pass the tests.
People also stood outside voting halls preventing them from voting
13
Q
Two groups that tried to improve civil rights
A
CORE- congress of racial equality
NAACP- national association for the advancement of coloured people
14
Q
What has NAACP achieved by the beginning of the 1950’s
A
Gained the right for state universities to provide equal facilities for all students
15
Q
What has CORE achieved by the beginning of the 1950’s
A
Employed the idea of sit ins. They demanded the end of transport segregation
16
Q
When was the murder of emmett till
A
1955
17
Q
Where did the murder of emmet till happen
A
Mississippi
18
Q
How old was emmet till
A
14
19
Q
Where was emmett till from
A
Chicago -where the segregation wasn’t as bad
20
Q
Why was emmett till murdered
A
He was with some local African Americans telling them about his white friends and girlfriend. The group dared him to speak to a woman serving in a store. He said something like ‘bye, baby’ when he left. It was the store owners wife, who decided to tell her husband
21
Q
What happened when Emmett till was murdered
A
At 2:30am Roy Bryant Andy.W.Milam took Till away for Mose Wright’s farm. He was murdered before being tied to part of a cotton gin with barbed wire and dumped into the river.
22
Q
What happened at Emmett tills trial
A
The two were found innocent even after Mose Wright identified them. It only took the jury so long decide because they had to finish their coke
23
Q
What happened after the trial of emmet till
A
-civil rights movement was formed-catalyst
-bob Dylan created a song to raise awareness
-Tills mother determined to make it known what had happened-10,000 people attended the funeral
24
Q
When was the brown v Topeka board of education case
A
1954
25
What did Linda Brown do that made her dad take the school board to court
Linda Brown had a school a couple of blocks away, however she was not allowed to go. She had to go across a railway shunting line and then get a bus and then walk. The school was low quality with barely any books, large classrooms. This is because school boards spent more on white schools.
26
Where did Linda Brown live
Topeka,Kansas
27
Where did the Topeka v brown case go to
The supreme court
28
What was the Supreme Court final decision about Linda Brown case?
Schools were now to be integrated, the Supreme Court said that the constitution was colourblind
29
What happened the first time the Linda brown case got taken to court
Linda’s dad lost but he appealed with the help of NAACP. It then went to supreme court
30
Why didn’t the president want to get involved
Because he was afraid that he wouldn’t be re-elected
31
Did the Linda Brown case actually help
Many schools ignored this in the south.
2.4 million children were still at Jim Crow schools
President didn’t get involved
32
When did Little Rock high school happen
1957
33
How many people applied vs got in to Little Rock high
75 applied, 50 were rejected, 16 changed their minds about going as the white community mad it clear that they were not welcome. Leaving 9 African American students
34
Who hadn’t recieved the message about walking together in Little Rock high
Elizabeth Eckford
35
Before the new term what did the governor of Arkansas announce on TV
‘Blood would run the streets’
36
Who was the governor of Arkansas
Orville Faubus
37
How old was Elizabeth Eckford
15
38
What did Orville Faubus do on the 3rd September
Sent state troopers to prevent the 9 children from entering the school
39
Did the 9 students manage to get inside school on their first day
No they had to go home
40
What did president Eisenhower do when the 9 students were denied access
3 weeks later he brought 10,00 troops and 1,000 paratroopers to make sure that the nine teenagers could attend school
41
Why did the President Eisenhower get involved with Little Rock nine
A picture of Elizabeth Eckford getting harassed was uploaded so the entire world saw it. He didn’t want americas reputation ruined
42
What happened on the 23rd September 1957
The nine children attempted to go to school again and were forced to return home
43
What happened on the 24th September 1957
President Eisenhower went onto TV and explained that the picture of Elizabeth was used to miss present the country. He said that integration will continue to take place.
44
Why was Minnie expelled in Little Rock high
She was being bullied and poured her lunch down one of the bullies
45
When was the Greensboro sit in
1st Feb 1960
46
What happened during the sit-in
4 AA students went into Woolworths and ordered at the white only counter. They remained there all day.
Next day they returned with 23 other students-3of them were white.
Third day-80 people were there.
Woolworths started losing business and had to shut down. On 25th July the lunch counter served its first AA customer.
47
Where did the greensboro sit in happen
Greensboro, North Carolina
48
When did Woolworths serve its first AA customer
25th July 190
49
Why did the Greensboro sit in work so well
Protestors were college students- no job to lose, determining and idealistic
The staff in Woolworths didn’t know how to react and called the police a lot later.
50
The significance of sit ins
They stopped the places from making money, which forced them to serve AAs. It was non violent and anyone can do it.
51
Immediate effects of the Greensboro sit in
Idea of sit ins spread to 55 cities and 13states
Gained popular support from both African and white Americans
By the end of 1960 over 120 cities and towns in the south had desegregated their lunch counters
52
When did thw children’s crusade happen
May 1963
53
54
Where was the children’s crusade
Birmingham, Alabama
55
Why was the children’s crusade in Birmingham
The most segregated city in America
56
What was the children’s crusade
Children as young as six words marched down to the white part of town, so many were arrested but they had to use school buses instead of police vans.
The next day more marched. The chief of police bought fireman armed with water hoses and policeman with dogs. Many children were in hospital and in jail pictures shocked the world giving civil rights movement the publicity they wanted.
President Kennedy set up a negotiation , state troops were sent in by the governor of Alabama, which stirred up violence, with bombings of AA homes and businesses. Kennedy called in the federal troops to regain calmness.
57
What was the output of the children’s crusade
Most shops and lunch counters in Birmingham were desegregated. And AA could apply for some jobs that used to be for white Americans only
58
When was the James Meredith case
1962
59
Where was the James Meredith case
University of Mississippi
60
What’s was the James Meredith case
James served in the Air Force before he decided to study at the university of Mississippi.
They had never accepted a black student
However, he got offered the place for September 1962
The governor of Mississippi disagreed with the university
When James turned up to register, he found the governor refusing him in
On the 29th of September, President Kennedy intervened ordering those who were obstructing the law to desist .
This set out riots in the uni , Kennedy sent out federal officials which sent more people writing.
First of October Meredith registered at the uni and was guarded by 300 state troops until he graduated next year
61
What was the significance of the James Meredith case
1. The governor was prepared to go against laws to keep segregation in the uni.
2. The president got involved.
3. Integration of African-Americans was booted by this case
62
When did the Montgomery bus boycott happen
5th December 1955
63
How did segregation on buses work
First 10 rows were four white passengers
Black passengers could not sit next to a white person , and might have to stand
No black passengers were allowed to sit parallel to a white passenger
Black passengers had to move to the back of the bus if white passengers got on and the bus was getting full.
If it was full black passengers had to take orders from white bus drivers who were often rude .
64
What did Rosa Parks do
On the 1st of December 1955, she sat down on the first row of seats, the bus filled up and one white man was left standing.
The bus driver ordered all four African-American passengers in the front row to give up their seats
No one moved at first eventually three got up not Rosa Parks.
She later got arrested
65
What was the bus boycott and how did it start
On Sunday,4th December, many African-American churches urged their congregation to stage a 24 hour boycott of buses the next day.
The next day, no African-American people got on buses.
Martin Luther King headed the Montgomery improvement Association (MIA) which coordinated action. He set up different modes of transport like car sharing instead of buses.
66
What was the produce of the bus boycott
In November 1956, the supreme Court ruled that segregation of buses was illegal.
67
How long was the bus boycott
13months
68
Why was a bus boycott successfully
75% of bus users were AA
69
What does MIA stand for
Montgomery improvement association
70
What made Martin Luther King such a good leader?
His speaking ability
His organisational ability
His constant determination
A skilful negotiator
71
What did Martin Luther King do
Montgomery bus boycott
Formation of the SCLC
Letter from Birmingham jail
March on Washington
Voting rights, March from Selena to Montgomery
Action in Chicago
72
When was the formation of the SCLC
1957
73
What was the the formation of the SCLC and what did MLK do
He formed the SCLC group after the bus boycott-it was a movement to organise campaigns
74
When was the letter form Birmingham
1963
75
What was the letter from Birmingham and what did MLK do
He led a demonstration in Birmingham where he was arrested
When in jail, he wrote a letter addressing to white clergyman who were opposing the civil rights demonstration in Birmingham.
76
When was the march on Washington
1963
77
What was the march on Washington and what did MLK do
The civil rights leaders didn’t think that the civil rights bill would be passed
MLK organised and lead a march through the capital
250,000 Marched was 60,000 of them being white
78
When was the voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery
1965
79
What was the voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery and what did MLK do
MLK organised a March for voting rights
He chose Alabama because the population was mainly African-American however 99% of voters were white
80
When was the action in Chicago
1966
81
What was the action in Chicago and what did MLK do
MLK went to live in an African-American area
He experienced hardships from the white there
E.G Nazi flag , through bottles bricks and rocks
82
When was MLK assassinated
On the evening of the 4th April 1968. He was standing on a balcony when he got shot.
83
Who was Malcom X
A young African-American Muslim whose father had been murdered by the KKK.
84
What was Malcolm X’s real name?
Malcolm Little
85
Why didn’t Malcolm X use his real name?
It was the name the white slave owners had given his family
86
What group was Malcolm X a leader of?
Nation of Islam or black Muslims
87
What was the difference between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King?
Martin Luther King was anti-violence
Malcolm X said that African-Americans should defend themselves
88
who was Muhammad Ali and how did he help the CRM
A young AA who won the 1960 Olympic heavyweight gold medal
He changed his name from Cassius Clay after joint the Nation of Islam
89
Who was Stokely Carmichael and how did he help the CRM
He joined the SNCC and became chairman
Made idea of black power
Wanted to secure voting rights for black power
90
Who were the black panthers and how did they help the CRM
They provided community help-free food+health clinics
Patrolled AA neighbourhoods to protect them
91
What were the watt riots
1965-6 day riot in LA in Watts region
Triggered by white police beating AAs
92
What happened in the 1968 olympics
Two black US athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos bowed their heads and raised a black fist in the air in silent protest.- when American anthem was played
93
No were the three presidents that were in the time of the CRM
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
94
What did president Eisenhower do with CRM
Sent troops to Little Rock high
Had experienced first hand the segregation in American troops.
1957 civil rights act- people who denied AA to vote could be prosecuted
95
What did president Kennedy do to help with the CRM
Wanted to end racial discrimination
Tried to put proposals forward
He was a northerner and southerners didn’t want him interfering
96
What did President Johnson so to help with the CRM
1964 civil rights act-places could no longer discriminate e.g restaurants has to serve everyone
1965-voting rights act
1967-supreme court-inter-racial marriages were legal
1967-cilvil rights act (fair housing)-made racial discrimination in housing illegal
