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History- America > America up to and including the war > Flashcards

America up to and including the war Flashcards

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1
Q

Name Economic Boom causes

A

Laissez- Faire
Advertisement
Credit/ hire purchase
Knowledge
Position of USA in the world
Assembly line
New customer good
Tariffs
Share confidence

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2
Q

What % of world is supplied with electricity by USA in economic boom

A

42%

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3
Q

Cycle of prosperity

A

More production, More sales, Higher numbers of workers with higher wages, More spending from working class

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4
Q

Reasons for prohibition

A

Healthier country
Less distractions
Stopping German industry

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5
Q

/5 how many cars and radios were bought on credit?

A

3/5 cars and 4/5 radios

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6
Q

Name causes of Prohibition

A

Many wives said alcohol ruined their husbands and made them neglectful and abusive- Women’s Christian Temperance movement, Anti- Saloon league.

WASPs said drinking was associated with immigrants

Drinking was linked with sin for christians

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7
Q

Name an effect of prohibition

A

Gangsters took over alcohol business and became very rich and very violent- Included bootleggers smuggling the alcohol for them and Speakeasies selling it for them

Many officials: lawyers, police, were bribed by gangs and respect for officials was lost

Difficult to enforce:
1929: 40,000 jailed for prohibition offences
1929: 1360 people killed in prohibtion fights

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8
Q

Name causes of end of prohibition

A

People had lost respect for the law

Many were OK with breaking the law and buying it from speakeasies

FDR wanted the alcohol trade money of off gangs and circulating into the US economy again

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9
Q

State killer fact about working week hours in 1920s

A

Average working week dropped from 47 hours/week : 44 hours/week

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10
Q

State killer fact about about average wage in 1920s

A

Rose 11%

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11
Q

What does wage week increase and working hours/week mean for society

A

More time and money to spend on leisure and entertainment

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12
Q

Example of gang rule during prohibition at its peak

A

St Valentines Day massacre: 7 of Al Capone’s men lined up 7 of Bugs Moran’s gang and shot them, and walked away with no charge

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13
Q

State numbers of bars before and after prohibition in NY

A

32,000 during
15,000 before

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14
Q

Sport 1920s-
-2 sports
-2 sport celebrities
-New thing allowing them to make money and grow the sport
-How many listened to Jack Dempsey’s fight in final

A

-Boxing, Baseball, Golf
-Jack Dempsey, Babe Ruth ($80,000/ year), Bobby Jones
-Advertising and live broadcasting
-60 million

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15
Q

Cinema- 1920s
-How many people went to cinema from 1919- 1930
- What was the star system
-Name 2 film celebrities
-How many films/ year by 1929 made
-What were: talkies, the hays code

A
  • 35 million- 110 million
  • When the whole film is based around the famous actor: they were told by their director to participate in talks, interviews, magazines, radios. People went to see the film not for the film but for actor and many actors styles became trends.
    -Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, Clara Bow
  • 500
  • First movies with sound (first movie the Jazz Singer). Hollywood censorship as many states were banning bad influence movies
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16
Q

Jazz- 1920s
-Origin
-Describe
-Popular where and with who
-Famous Jazz musicians

A
  • Southern states
  • Fast, improvised, upbeat
    -Clubs, speakeasies: younger gen, flapper culture
  • Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington
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17
Q

Positive effects of Entertainment in 1920s name 3 and name variation of experience

A
  • More interracial mixing and understanding
  • More money brought to poorer, Af Am neighborhoods
  • More products bought (economy fueled) with advertising with celebrities
  • More Jobs created (economy fueled) with acting industry
    V- North money and time to spend so ++ve, South no money or time so not as +ve
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18
Q

Name positives and negatives for women during 1920s (2 +ve, 2-ve)

A

+ 19th amendment- right to vote
+ More free time- technology: vacuums, flappers giving more choice (could smoke, drink, date, club)
+ 1920s- 3.5 million in in domestic service: 1930- almost 10 million
- Anti- flirt leaugue- flapper should be arrested
- Although proved they could do men’s jobs during war, were sent back to lower pay, lower role: Cleric, Teacher, Nurse, Assistant
- Supposedly =relationships but not in practice: could only have protection if they could find and buy it, had to resign if they had children- still housewives

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19
Q

2 killer facts about inequalities of wealth in 1920s

A

-Richest 5% earned 1/3 of all money
-15000 millionaires in 1927 whereas 42% of population earned <$1000/ year

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20
Q

Why Did Farmers not benefit from Boom (4 reasons)

A
  • Industrial revolution meant over production in farms
  • Trade to re- gening Europe slowed so no market
  • Because of American Laissez Faire tariffs other countries tariffed American good meaning no market outside of America
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21
Q

Who didn’t benefit from Boom

A
  • Farmers (600,000 farms gone bust in 1924)
  • Traditional industries
  • Native Americans
  • African Americans
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22
Q

Why didn’t trad industries or Nat Ams benefit from Boom

A

T- Cotton and Coal were not needed as much as Fibres and gas
N- Needed land for mining= Replaced onto poor farming land= v poor= poor education

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23
Q

Why Did Af Ams not benefit from Boom

A
  • Many worked as sharecroppers for farmers so went bust with their farmer
  • Had to pay land owner as a sharecropper and land owner was poor so took their money
  • Discrimination stopped them from getting jobs in the city
  • Still had to pay Boom inflated prices
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24
Q

What was average increase in wage % from Boom

A

11%

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24
Q

How much of world’s goods are supplied by America in 1929

A

50%

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25
Q

Why did America start to get rid of the “melting pot” in the 1920s (2 reasons)

A
  • Scared of Eastern Europeans bringing communism and making (especially the rich) Americans share their wealth with the poor and new immigrants
  • Thought they had the optimum population (the Boom) and didn’t want to tip the scale
  • Government thought the American culture was being lost and not added to
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26
Q

What was the National Origins Act

A

Reduced allowed immigration further to 150, 000/ year

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27
Q

Causes of Red Scare 1 (5 causes)

A
  • Immigrants, especially from Eastern Europe
  • Russian Revolution
  • Trade Unions
  • Anarchy, loss of money for rich, like communism
  • Attack on Palmer
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28
Q

Examples of Jim Crow separations

A

Restaurants, Water fountains, Buses, parks, hotels, cinemas, schools, literacy tests or threats for if voting

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28
Q

What were the Jim Crow laws meant to be and what actually were they and where were they enforced

A

M- Equal but separate
A- Separate facilities but “Coloured” much worse and humiliated and discrimanted against by whites (most people in power)
W- enforced in South but discrimination in North

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29
Q

How many Af Ams lynched in 1921

A

61

30
Q

Jim Crow Laws killer facts- all at peril of sentence or fine

A
  • No interracial marriages
    -No interracial medically treating
  • No campaigning for Black rights
31
Q

How many members did the KKK have at its peak in 1925

A

5 million

32
Q

Why was KKK so hard to bring down

A

1) Fear of speaking against them- you would be a target
2) You don’t know who they are
3) The police often turned blind eye through either fear or agreement
4) Courts were rigged with KKK influence

33
Q

Cycle of Depresssion

A

Lose money in crash
-Want money from banks, banks want money from loans back as they see everyone getting poorer, Less consumer goods spending, company profits fall, Redundancy rises and wages fall, more companies collapse, everyone poor and needing money from banks

34
Q

Explain cause of a Stock Market Crash

A

Everyone over invests in a company and then all pull out when company can’t keep up. This collapses company and people wanting to turn shares into money- from banks which then collapse

35
Q

Causes of Wall Street Crash (5 expanded)

A

-Over production- everyone had a car
- Laissez Faire- meaning tariffs on selling abroad. International trade = $10 million- 1929: £3 million- 1932
- Inexperienced speculators
- Hoover and Coolidge Rugged no restrictions on loans and no help after crash
- 50% of people already lived below poverty line= weak economy if wealth not evenly distributed

36
Q

How many banks collapsed in 1929, 1930, 1932, 1933

A
  • 650
  • 1300
  • 2300
    -4000
37
Q

Why did banks collapse during the Crash

A

-They had loaned millions to people buying on the margin who couldn’t pay them back
-Most banks were small local banks so after they lost money to people’s unpaid loans they collapsed
There was no large banks system to uphold during the crash
- Collapsing banks made people lose trust in banks and more took money out
- With no money left to give to people who took their savings out they collapsed further

38
Q

Killer fact about unemployment and average wage in 1932

A

-12 million unemployed
-Average wage decreased by 60%

39
Q

Effects of the GD- Breadlines
-How many meals given out / day in NY from YMCA
-Suicide rate/ year

A

Many families lived on streets, homeless and foodless.
-12,000
-23, 000

40
Q

Effects of the GD- The Rich

A

Money lost especially for shareholders and business owners, but overall well, many had money in property

41
Q

Hoovervilles and Hobos define

A
  • Urban shanty towns for homeless- blaming Hoover- No proper facilities
  • People who illegally travelled across America looking for prosperity
42
Q

Effects of the GD- Factory owners and workers
(2 effects)

A
  • Over produced with no where to sell to- tariffs
  • Businesses making less money so lower wages so less spending from the workers and their families
43
Q

Effects of the GD- Farmers
( 3 reasons)

A
  • Over production meaning losing money even before crash
  • Unsustainable farming= drought = dust bowl
  • 1932- 1/20 farmers had been evicted
44
Q

Effects of the GD- Unemployed
( 5 killer facts)

A

-13 million lost jobs- by 1932
- 25% of employable people lost jobs- by 1932
-12, 000/ day lost jobs
-20,000 companies gone out of business- 1932
-100,000 companies gone out of business by 1933
-250, 000 stopped paying mortgages and so were evicted

45
Q

Effects of the GD- Unemployed- variation of experience
( 3 killer facts)

A
  • Af Ams 4-6x less likely to get a job than a white person
  • 50% of steel town Cleveland unemployed
  • 80% of car making town in Toledo unemployed
46
Q

Hoover’s ideology to the GD

A

Rugged individualism- Sort yourself out, help each other, laissez- faire

47
Q

Hoover’s actions to the GD
( 4 actions)

A

-Smoot Hawley Tariff (1930)- Tried to force Americans to buy American goods but ended up cutting out foreign trade
-Reconstruction Finance Co-op- Tried to give lots of millions of $ to big industries like: banks, insurance etc, in hope that it would trickle down into the people, but it never got to the people as there wasn’t enough- “too little too late”
Public works- Gave public jobs but “too little too late”
Bonus Army- WW1 vets marched to Washington asking for an early pension and he denied them- lost him popularity

48
Q

How may shares sold on Black Thursday

A

13 million

49
Q

Unemployment by 1933?

A

14 million

50
Q

Production drop between 1929 and 1932?

A

45%

51
Q

USA exports from 1929 to 1932

A

$10 billion - $3 billion

52
Q

State BEEF and explain

A

Beer act- end prohibition, bring alcohol industry from gangs to economy
Economy Act- Cut public sector spending by 25%- $1 billion saved
Emergency banking act- Shut banks for 4 days and only re opened the ones that were not about to collapse
Fireside chats- Radio and magazine interviews to explain his plans to the nation and become more likeable and trustworthy

53
Q

State 3 Rs

A

Relief- immediate aid for vulnerable
Recovery- building businesses and economy to its feet again
Reform- Putting measurements in place (centralising and stabilising banks) to make sure the depression wouldn’t return

54
Q

What was the HOLC

A

Gave loans to those struggling to pay mortgages- 300,000 helped in first year

55
Q

What was the FERA

A

Gave $500 million to states to help provide food, blankets, clothes, nurseries

56
Q

What was the AAA

A

Payed farmers to destroy crops and to allow fields to be crop rotated.

57
Q

What was the CWA/ WPA

A

Temp work for 4 million building facilities. By 1941 helped 8 million

58
Q

What was the SSA

A

2nd new deal, social security act; financial security blanket for the poor

59
Q

Opposition to the New Deal
(2 too much, 2 too little, 1 unconstitutional)

A

Too much- Republicans, businessmen, the rich
Too little- Workers (FDR feared a class war), tenant farmers
Unconstitutional- “9 old white men”- supreme court

60
Q

Successes and failures of the New Deal:

Farmers (2+, 2-) Mixed
Industrial workers (3+, 2-) Good
Banking (2+, 1-) Good
Poverty (3+, 2-) Good
Women (1+, 3-) Bad
Af Ams (1+, 3-) Bad
N Ams (3+, 1-) Good
Economy (3+, 2-) Good

A

Farmers:
+Income x 1.5 from 1933- 1936
-Farm owners of big farms helped more than farm workers
+ FCA helped 20%
- Poverty remained high in rural areas: Kansas, Texas

Industrial workers:
+2.5 million businesses with 22 million employees under NRA (better working conditions)
- Strikes and unions were looked down upon and treated with suspicion and even violence
+1938- Fair labour standards- Min wage, 300,000 wages increased
+ Wagner Act strengthened unions
- NRA voluntary and eventually overruled

Banking:
+EBA meant trust reinstalled in banks enough to start investing again
+No major banks collapsed during New Deal
- 4000 banks went under in 1933

Poverty:
+SSA
+CWA, PWA, TVA all provided jobs for the poor
- Only temporary
- 10% of people still unemployed at peak
+CCC employed 2.5 million 18- 25 y/o

Women
-Average wage for women per year: $525 : $1000/ year for a man
- Only 10,000 / 2.5 million in CCC were women
- NRA set min wage lower for women
+ Alphabet agencies did help them like the SSA even though not one specifically dedicated to women

Af Ams:
-Agencies discriminated against Af Ams: segregated CCC, not allowed to live in TVA
- FDR didn’t want to abolish JC laws out of fear of losing the South
-South didn’t employ Af Ams in agencies
+ 200,000 Af Ams in CCC

N Ams:
+ Allowed them to take loans to buy houses and set up businesses
+Indian Reservation Act of 1934- sort out own affairs in court
- Many lived in poverty, no education and discrimination still
+ 85,000 N Ams employed

Economy:
+ Banking system established preventing a further fundamental collapse
+ Unemployment from 13 million in 1933: 10 million in 1935
- US took longer than rest of Europe to recover after crash
- Mini recession in 1937- 1938
+GDP increased from 1933 onwards

61
Q

What was the neutrality act

A

Banned loans to countries at war (1935)
Banned loans to countries in conflict (1937)

62
Q

What was the cash and carry plan

A

Could now sell weapons to Britain and France in exchange for cash not a loan
USA Not directly in the war

63
Q

Lend lease

A

Britain stopped paying for weapons in March 1941 and USA gave $7 billion worth of weapons to them (from their own factories and money) and kept them in the war.

64
Q

War production board?

A

Turns companies into war companies: e.g: Typewriters to machines guns, fabric to parachutes

65
Q

Unemployment 1939, 1941, 1944

A

9.5 million, 5.5 million, 670,000

66
Q

How many Af Ams employed in war in army and in factories

A

Army- 1 million
Factories- 2 million

67
Q

How many women employed before WW2 compared to during

A

12 million- 19 million

68
Q

Experience for Af Ams during the war

A

-Fighting a racist Germany so many questioned the racism within America
-Couldn’t be a soldier in the navy, only a cook/ cleaner
-By the end of the war could be a pilot
-NAACP members: 50,000- 500,000
-1 aircraft producer employed 10/30,000 Af ams
-Segregated Army units

69
Q

Experience for women during the war

A

-More varied jobs- Men’s jobs
-1/3 American jobs
-Not prepared to go back to old jobs after war
- 350,000 joined Women’s army units- drivers, admin

70
Q

Music 1930s and how listened to

A

Jazz still: on grammarphone, vinyl, radios

71
Q

Book and comics 1930:
Why popular?
What did they contain?

A

Help people escape depression they are in. Can be a way for authors to express social problems

72
Q

Film and cinema 1930:
How many/ week?
Why?
First what movie?

A

60 million/ week
Escape depression
First colour and animation

73
Q
A

History- America (5 decks)

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