America Flashcards
Democratic Party (donkey)
- intervened in other peoples lives; favoured helping most vulnerable
- more liberal (prepared to change things
Republican Party (donkey)
- preserved traditions
- ‘laissez-faire’ policy (stayed out of people’s lives)
Order of American politics
- Federal (central) Government
- President, Congress, Supreme Court
- House of Representatives, US Senate
- State (local) Government
- Voters
What was the Federal Government?
- Based in Washington DC
- controls currency, foreign policy and US defence
- System of ‘checks and balances’ to make sure one section isn’t more powerful than another
Who was the President?
- lives in White House
- elected every 4 years (voted for directly)
- 3 main roles: Head of Government, Head of state and Chief In Army/ navy
What is the congress?
- made laws (legislative powers)
- can accept/ reject president’s policies
- declare war/ peace
- made of 2 houses (bothe elected by people
What is the Supreme Court?
- 9 judges (chosen by president)
- endures President is acting in a “constitutional” way
What is the House of Representatives?
- 435 members elected every 2 years
- the larger the state, the more Representatives
What is the Us Senate?
- 100 members elected every 2 years
- 2 senators for each state regardless of size
What is the State Government?
- made up of three branches: Governor, State legislature and State Court
- laws passed only apply to that state e.g. 18 or 21 to drink alcohol
Who are the voters?
- after 1870 men could vote; women after 1920
- minority groups couldn’t vote in practice
- democracy ; vote directly for all positions
What were reasons for economic boom?
- Hire Purchase Scheme: available to buy goods on credit, ordinary families can afford new inventions/ luxury goods
- 1WW: learnt skills like propaganda and use it for selling goods + munition firms made huge profits selling weapons to allies
- Advertising: radio broadcasting, travelling salesmen, posters and cinema adverts
- Mass production: cheaper + faster; more people could buy, more jobs
- Shares: start companies by selling ‘shares’ (portion of ownership of company and share prices increased when company made profits
- Laissez-faire Government attitudes: lower taxes, more people affording goods and businessmen free to produce profits as they wished
Timeline of Henry Ford and the Motor Industry
- 1896: Henry Ford made his first vehicle
- 1891: became superintendent of Detroit automobile company (built 20 cars in 2 years).
- October 10th 1901: built powerful lightweight car, earned reputation to raise money for his own firm
- 1903: Henry Ford Motor Industry established in 5 years made + sold 8 different models. Built 100 in a day
- 1911: announced he could make a cheap, large car from mass production (model-T) 1 min to make a car. 10,000 sold in first year
- mid 20’s: one of every 2 cars were model-T. He was really wealthy
How does the Stock market work?
- To set up a company you need money for equipment, wages, land etc.
- Most companies get money from investors. In return, investors own a share of the company - they become shareholders.
- A shareholder makes money by: receiving a share from the companies profits each year (dividend) or selling their share for a higher price than they bought if for
What is buying on the margin?
Buying shares with money they borrowed from the banks. Could risk the share they bought decreasing in price and not being able to pay back to the bank.
How many farmers lost their jobs in 1924 due to decrease in price and demand?
600,000
Why was there less demand for cotton and wool in the 1920’s?
Popularity of man-made fibres like Rayon. Fashion for shorter dresses (less fabric used).
Why was there poverty in the countryside in the 1920’s?
- after 1WW less demand for American imports in Europe
- some countries taxed US products
- high-tech machinery lead to overproduction of food
- some farmers borrowed money to buy machines, land; couldn’t repay the loan so were evicted
Why was there poverty among African American workers?
- many were farm labourers or sharecroppers (rented small areas of farmland from farmer)
- farming industry already suffered; hit particularly hard as already desperately poor
- many moved to cities; only found low-paid jobs
Why was life exceptionally hard for American Indians?
- mining companies seized their land; traditional way of life lost
- forced to move into reservations; poor soil so extremely hard to grow crops
- lived in extreme poverty, poorly educated and lower life expectancy than other ethnic groups in US society
What happened in 1927 that was important in the development of the film industry?
First feature- length film includes sound (talkie) called Jazz Singer.
What are some examples of crazy crazes?
- Mahjong (Chinese board game)
- crossword puzzles
- marathon dancing (how long can you dance for)
- pole sitting (how long till you fall off)
- dance crazes; Charleston, One step, tango, black bottom
How was jazz music popular?
- originated in Southern states and known for its improvisation, fast tempos and lively rhythms
- most popular music style in bars, dancehalls, nightclubs
- great opportunities for Black musicians e.g. Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Bessie Smith
What are some examples of celebrities in sport in the ‘roaring twenties’?
- Babe Ruth (baseball)
- Bobby Jones (golf)
How did the audience in cinemas increase?
35 million in 1919 to 100 million in 1930
How many films did Hollywood film studios produce a year by 1929?
500
What were women like before the war?
- Middle/ Upper- class: polite, sensibly dressed, little energetic sport, pale and little makeup, strictly controlled relationship with men.
- tiny corset
- long hair tied up
- long sleeves covering arms
- long dress covering legs
- led restricted lives; couldn’t vote
- poorer women who had to work had few opportunities for promotions
- poorly paid jobs: cleaning, secretarial work, low-skilled factory work
Who were the flappers?
- high hemline ‘Evils’ of modern life
- liberal attitude
- low waist
- middle/ upper class from Northern states
- rode motorbikes, went to nightclubs with men till the morning
- smoked and drank alcohol
- bangles and long beads
- Chanel No5 perfume
- short hair
- suntan and make up
- flesh coloured stockings
- anti-flirt league formed to protest against flappers behaviour
What was the Prohibition act or the Volstead act?
Alcohol consumption, transportation, selling and brewing was banned from 1920-1933.
Why was prohibition introduced in the 1920s?
- Contributed to a decline in moral values
- World War I in 1917 said it made soldiers unpatriotic cowards
- Cause variety of social, e.g. violence, poverty, addiction, debt and prostitution
- Children’s purity and innocence at risk
- people in rural areas, saw growing cities, towns where alcohol fueled violence and crime was common
- led to ill health
- strong campaign against alcohol, led by pressure groups such as Anti-Saloon League
- increase absenteeism at work as people felt sick from alcohol
- some believed America would be a better/ healthier place from prohibition
- many beer on sale in America were transported by Germany or brewed by German immigrants, argued Americans drinking this were traitors
What were some arguments against the prohibition?
- Most officials, police, judges and officers were bribed by local gang members like Al Capone~corruption
- gang warfare broke out over the night to supply alcohol
- increased violence and organised crime; huge competition to bootleg (smugglers) illegal alcohol
- speakeasies (illegal bars) sprung up all over North America- ensured people ignored the law
- by 1933, 200,000 speakeasies in the USA
- law was difficult to enforce as many politicians and police didn’t take it seriously (undermined it from the very start)
- many ordinary Americans continued to drink in the 1920s
- speakeasies in cellars or private hotel rooms
- organised crime rose in cities like Chicago
- Al Capone made $10 million a year from racketeering (businesses paid money to gangs to stop them smashing up the premises).
- authority turned a blind eye
How and when was the Prohibition act repealed?
In the 1932 Presidential election campaign, Franklin D Roosevelt gained many votes because he opposed the prohibition. He won the election, and in early 1933, he repealed (got rid of) the Prohibition.
What was the bill of rights?
It was the first 10 amendments to the US constitution.
1. Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, petition and press.
2. Right to bear arms.
3. People don’t have to house soldiers.
4. No searches without reason.
5. Rights of persons accused of crimes.
6. Rights for persons on trial for crimes.
7. Rights for a civil case.
8. No unreasonable fines or treatment.
9. People have other rights, too.
10. The state can make laws, too.
What the USA flag represents
- 13 stars for original states.
- now has 50 stars = 50 states.
- 13 stripes (first 13 states).
Why did people move to America?
- Europe was still divided into classes, very difficult to move up
- standard of living was higher; workers were paid more
- various groups were persecuted for their religion/ political beliefs in some European countries
- European towns and cities overcrowded - land was expensive
- plenty of jobs in steel , coal and textile production and the car, electrical and chemical industries
- rich in natural resources like coal, iron, cotton, oil and timber
- American land was cheap and fertile
- great poverty in Europe: terrible housing, poor health and a bad diet
What was immigration like from 1850-1929?
1850: 40 million Europeans emigrate to the USA, over 100 nationalities present. Americans feared immigrants
1914: 1ww caused a drop in immigration. Travel was restricted, and people were busy fighting for their country.
1917: 1ww ended; immigration picked up. Congress passed the 1917 law (Literacy Act). This law banned entry to all immigrants over 16 who could not read a sentence of 40 words.
1921: the ‘immigration quote act’ was introduced. Limited the number of immigrants to 357,000 per year. The number of people coming to the USA from any one country couldn’t exceed over 3% of that country already living in the USA in 1910; this kept out Eastern Europeans as there were fewer of them living in the USA. Those against immigration wanted to keep Asians and Eastern Europeans out.
1924: National Origins act. 2% of the population instead of 3% and sent date back to 1890 limiting to 150,000 immigrants entering each year.
1929: Quota figure again reduced to 150,000 immigrants, Asians blocked altogether.
When was slavery abolished in the USA?
1865
What were the Jim Crow laws?
Racist white politicians passed these laws to keep African Americans segregated. They were stocked from using the same restaurants, hotels, swimming pools, and even cemeteries as white Americans. They even stopped from voting too. They were also segregated in military and some states banned mixed race marriages. They could not expect justice from the legal system as many judges, sheriffs and police support Jim Crow laws.
How were African Americans discriminated?
- paid lowest wages in factories
- Good night, access to higher education, good jobs and right to vote
- Often the last to be hard and first to be fired
- Occupied whilst housing in the poorest areas of the city, yet paid a higher rent
- when attempted to use parks, playgrounds and beaches in the Irish and Polish districts, set up on by gangs of whites called themselves, “athletic clubs,” resulted in blacks isolated in ghettos
- suffered great prejudice from white residents
- When tried to move to a white neighbourhood, got a hostile reception
- occasional race riots, black youth accidentally entered a whites only beach in Chicago in 1919 
What was the NAACP?
Some African Americans enter politics. In 1910 WEB du Bois, a great grandson of an African slave, set up the NAACP National Association for the advancement of Colored people. It worked to improve the rights of African-Americans, such as campaigning for the right to vote.
What were the Klu Klux Klan aims?
- distrust of foreigners
- Terrorise, black Americans in the south
- preserve white supremacy after the abolition of the slave trade 
- “defenders” of the Protestant religion
- “Cleanup society” by tracking drunks and gamblers
- Keep immigrants “in their place”
How did the KKK decline?
In 1925, a popular local clan leader was convicted of the brutal kidnapping, rape, and murder of a young woman. At his trial, he exposed many of the KKK’s secrets. Sentenced to life imprisonment; within a year KKK membership had fallen to 300,000 from 5 million.
What event in 1901 caused many Americans to fear Anarchists?
In 1901, Leon Franz Czolgosz (an anarchist) shot dead a US president (William McKinley).
What is Anarchism?
They believed countries shouldn’t be ruled by organised Government, but in a system where everyone rules themselves (through voluntary cooperation).
What were the Palmer Raids?
Parlour vowed to get rid of American Communist. During the Palmer raids 6000 suspected communists were arrested across 33 cities. Little evidence of any Communist plots were found. 
What happened in July 1919 and later that year?
A bomb destroyed the house of Alexander Mitchell Palmer (a man in charge of America’s law and police) a communist newspaper found next to the body of the suicide bomber.
Later that year, an unidentified bomber blew up 30 people in New York. No one was ever found guilty, but people got more scared.
What happened on 14th February 1929?
• On 14th February 1929, several members of Bugs Moran’s gang were waiting in an empty garage in Chicago for a whiskey delivery
• Members of Al Capone’s rival gang turned up at the garage after a ‘tip off’ from the authorities (Capone had these under his control through bribes)
• A fight erupted over whose right it was to supply illegal alcohol to the people of Chicago and Al Capone’s gang opened fire on the members of Bugs Moran’s gang and they ended up dead
What was Sacco and Vanzetti’s “crime”?
• In April 1921, a robbery took place at a shoe factory in SouthBraintree, Massachusetts
• The robbers stole $15,000 and shot two of the staff dead
• A month later,– Nico Sacco and Bart Vanzetti – were arrested and charged with robbery and murder
• Sacco and Vanzetti were not only Italian immigrants who spoke very little English…they were both anarchists too!
• Their trial began in May 1921 and lasted 45 days.
• In July, the jury found them guilty and the judge sentenced them to ‘death by electric chair’
• They were executed in August 1927
What is some evidence for Sacco and Vanzetti committing the crime?
- Both men acted guilty and told some lies to the police
- 61 eye witnesses identified Sacco and Vanzetti as the killers
- Vanzetti had a previous conviction for armed robbery in December 1919
- both men were carrying loaded guns when arrested. The bullets were the same size as those that killed the 2 men
What is some evidence against Sacco and Vanzetti committing the crime?
- witnesses nearly all disagreed over what the two men were wearing on the night in question
- Sacco and Vanzetti spoke poor English. Their lawyers argued they got confused under police questioning and lied as they thought they were being victimised because they were foreigners and anarchists
- 107 people confirmed that sucker and Vendetti with someone else on the night of the robbery/murders
- it is no crime in America to carry a loaded gun. Sacco and Vanzetti said they carried one because they were worried about being attacked because of their political beliefs. 
What happened after the Sacco and Vanzetti case?
• Despite years of public demonstrations, protests, legal arguments and appeals, the two men were executed by electric chair in August 1927
• In 1977, 50 years after their execution, the Governor of Massachusetts issued a proclamation stating that Sacco and Vanzetti had been unfairly tried and convicted
• He didn’t pardon them – this would have raised too much controversy still!
What events lead to the Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression?
- By the summer of 1929, there were over 20 million shareholders in the USA and prices continued to soar. However, by October 1929, people began to realise they had risen too far and became nervous.
- Now that households could afford luxury’s like fridges, freezers, vacuum cleaners, radios, cars etc… there was a limit to how many people would buy now. Led to over-production.
- People started to sell their share prices as they predicted a decline in prices.
- More and more people starting selling their shares, shareholders realised their shares were only worth something if someone was willing to buy them. Shares started to drop in price across all US companies.
- On Saturday 19th October saw a record 3,488,100 shares bought and sold. The market closed the following day newspapers began to report of falling prices and over speculation.
- Record number of shares continued to sell by Monday 21st October as some Americans wanted to buy shares in the hope that prices would increase again.
- Wednesday 23rd October saw heavy selling of share, particularly in the car industry, which spread to other stocks. Car manufacturers relied heavily on metal producers and other materials, knock on effect on other businesses when their stocks fell. In the last hour of trading 2.6 million shares were sold at ever falling prices - many decided now was the time to sell.
- Thursday 24th October became known as ‘black Thursday’, a record high of 12.9 million shares were sold across the USA in one day. Bankers met the following day and decided to support the market, which steadied prices on the surface of things.
- Initial steadiness wavered and on Monday 28th October heavy selling began again. 9,212,000 shares bought and sold at rapidly falling prices. 3 million sold in the last hour of business alone.
- On Tuesday 29th October saw the highest number of shares sold (16.4 million). Worst day in the entire history of the New York stock market. Shares lost all their value and anyone in the stock market was hit badly. The market had officially crashed!
What was the Great Depression like in the cities?
• They could not sell products abroad
• Factories cut production and hours
• Factories overproduced goods
• Employers cut wages
• Not enough people could
afford luxury items
• Factories cut their work force
• Factories produced goods throughout the 1920s
What was the Great Depression like in the countryside?
• Farmers grew even more food in the hope it would sell
• Prices fell lower
• Banks took over farms to
pay off the debts
• Prices fell
• Farmers could not pay mortgages
• Farmers produced too much food
• Farmers had less money coming in
How were businessmen affected by the Great Depression?
- taken out loans they couldn’t afford to repay - causing them to go bankrupt
- between 1929 and 1933, over 10,000 banks closed and over 100,000 businesses went bankrupt
- some businessmen reduced their workforce and output levels; industrial production fell by 40% in these years
- US exports fell from $10 billion to $3 billion between 1929 and 1932
- banks tried to recover money by demanding the repayments of loans from businesses, meant even more were forced to close
- many businessmen tried new activities; such as selling newspapers or apples in the streets, or offering to polish shoes. For some, suicide was the only way out
- richer businessmen sold factories
How were farmers affected by the Great Depression?
- farm prices were so low that the cost of transporting animals to market was higher than the price of the animal themselves
- total farm income has slipped to just $5 billion
- The USA is international trade reduced from $10 billion in 1929 to $3 billion in 1932.
- many farmers were unable to pay their mortgages or loans for equipment; had to sack workers and sell equipment - led to under-production
- some farmers organise themselves to resist banks, seizing their homes
- When sheriffs came to seize their property, bands of farmers holding pitchforks and hangmans nooses persuaded the sheriffs to retreat. Others barricaded highways
- most farmers packed their bags in trucks and lived on the road
- over-farming and drought in the central southern states turned millions of acres into a dust bowl - driving farmers off their land
- many headed to California for work
- by 1932, 1 in 20 farmers were evicted