Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VR Fellowship > AMD > Flashcards

AMD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the distribution of wet and dry AMD?

A

leading cause of blindness in developed world in patients over 50

85-90% dry

10-15% wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many new cases of wet AMD are their annually?

A

71,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do normal aging changes of the retina take affect?

A

outer retina, RPE, Bruchs, and choriocapillaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are specific aging changes in the retina, at the photoreceptors?

A

decreased density and distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are specific aging changes in the retina, at the level of RPE?

A

ultrastructural changes leading to

  1. loss of melanin granules
  2. formation of lipofucsin granules
  3. accumulation of residual bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are specific aging changes in the retina, at the level of Bruchs?

A

Basal laminar and basal linear deposits, of granular, lipid-rich material and widely spaced collagen fibers, collect between the plasma membrane of RPE cells and inner collagenous layer of Bruch membrane on either side of BM of RPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are basal laminar drusen?

A

Collection of granular lipid-rich deposits and widely spaced collagen fibers that

collect between the plasma membrane and BM of RPE

above Bruchs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are basal linear drusen?

A

Deposits of phospholipid vesicles and electron-dense granules between BM of RPE and BM of choriocapillaris in the inner collagenous zone of Bruch membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T or F:

Basal laminar and basal linear drusen are diagnositic features of AMD

A

False

These drusen are normal aging changes of the retina/RPE/choriocapillaris complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are specific aging changes that occur at the level of the choriocapillaris?

A

progressive involution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the risk factors of AMD?

A
  1. Family history
  2. Age over 65, Female
  3. HTN, HLD, CVD
  4. elevated inflammatory markers (ex. CRP)
  5. waist-to-hip ratio for men
  6. smoking
  7. hyperopia, light iris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do the genes associated with AMD have their effect?

A

Biochemical pathways:

  1. compliment cascade (compliment)
  2. lipid transport and metabolism (lipids)
  3. modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM)
  4. clearance of ATRA from photoreceptors (cAp)
  5. angiogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mnemonic for genetic association for AMD

A

cAp LEAC

clearance of ATRA from photoreceptors: ABCA4

Lipid transport and metabolism: APOE

ECM: COL8A1 and 10A1, TIMP3

angiogenesis: MMP9, VEGFA

compliment cascade: alternative compliment (CFH, CFI, C2/CFB, C3, C7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 2 major susceptibility genes for AMD?

What risk do they confer if homozygous mutations in both?

A

CFH and ARMS2

50x increased risk of AMD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The CFH gene encodes for?

Mutation?

Associated Risk?

A

Compliment factor H

Y402H mutation

heterozygous: 4.6x inc risk of AMD
homozygous: 7.4x inc risk of AMD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The ARMS2 gene encodes for?

Mutation?

Associated risk?

A

10q26, ARMS2/HTRA1 and MMP20 CNV lesion size

ARM2 A69S

heterozygous: 2.7x inc risk of AMD
homozygous: 8.2x increased risk of AMD

17
Q
A
18
Q

T or F:

Testing for patients to predict optimal pharamacological or nutritional-suppliment intervents are recommended for newly diagnosed patients.

A

False

Pharmacogenomic testing currently lacks clearly validated evidence but may be useful in the future

19
Q

What is the defining feature of dry AMD? What are other indicators?

A

Drusen

other indicators: RPE abnormalities (ex. hyperpigmentation and atrophy)

20
Q

Where are drusen located?

What do they correspond to histologically?

A

basal surface of RPE in the postequatorial retina

thickening of inner Bruchs

21
Q

What results in the thickening of the inner aspect of Bruchs/RPE?

A

Separation of Bruchs from RPE = PED

22
Q

What is the result of a small detachement between Bruchs and RPE due to thickening?

A

large or soft drusen

23
Q

A large detachment of the inner aspect of Bruchs and RPE leading to their separation results in what?

A

Drusenoid PED

VR Fellowship (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions