AMBOSS Flashcards
S. gallolyticus is a Gram + catalase - gamma haemolytic organism that can cause infective endocarditis. What type of malignancy is this organism also associated with when in blood (bacteremia)?
Colon cancer
What are the 2 types of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Obstructive and non-obstructive
What are causes and symptoms of aortic stenosis?
Causes- congenital bicuspid valve, rheumatic heart disease, calcification in elderly, and radiotherapy. Syncope, angina, dyspnoea, and sudden cardiac death.
What organism is responsible for infective endocarditis in prosthetic valves?
If <60 days- S.epidermidis, S.aureus, and Gram - rod.
If >60 days- S.aureus and enterococci.
What are 2 key structural features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and their effect?
Reduced compliance of LV wall, and reduced LV chamber volume. This prevents ventricular relaxation, and reduces the volume of blood that enters the LV during diastole.
What is xanthelasma?
Small nodular lipid deposits that are bilateral on the upper lid- they indicate a lipid disorder e.g. obesity, familial hypercholesterolemia- this increases risk of atherosclerosis and associated diseases (CAD, MI, stroke).
What are causes and symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Causes- 50% idiopathic, IHD, myocarditis, alcohol, pregnancy, hypertension. Symptoms are palpitations, exertion dyspnoea, and/or congestive HF.
What bacteria causes infective endocarditis in patients with periodontal disease, and how is classified in terms of hemolysis?
Streptococci of the viridians group e.g S.mutans- alpha haemolytic i.e. partially degrade Hb
Which valves are usually affected by infective endocarditis in IV drug users, and which bacteria are usually responsible?
Right sided valves- mainly tricuspid but can be pulmonary. S.aureus and Pseudomonas.
What is the effect of interventricular septum hypertrophy on the ventricular outflow tract?
It narrows the outflow tract, which increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of blood (Venturi effect). During systole this pulls the mitral valve down instead of allowing it to close, causing mitral regurgitation and potentially death.
What is Brugada syndrome, and how does it present on an ECG?
It’s a genetically inherited disorder that causes abnormality of repolarisation of cardiac myocytes, potentially leading to sudden death in young adults. STE in V1 and V2, and pseudo-RBBB.
UTIs can cause bacteremia and subsequent infective endocarditis. What are the common causative organisms?
Gram - bacteria e.g. E.coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter.
How long does it take to see gross changes of an MI?
Dark mottling seen 12 hours after death.
What organisms cause infective endocarditis in patients with congenital heart defects?
Streptococci viridian’s and Staphlyococcus saprophyticus
What degree of stenosis is an indication for carotid endarterectomy? What other treatment would be recommended?
80+%. Lifestyle modifications e.g. physical activity, anti platelet drugs e.g. aspirin or clopidogrel, and statins would also be recommended.
