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Methods BLOCK 4 > Amblyopia > Flashcards

Amblyopia Flashcards

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1
Q

Loss of VA in one or both eyes that cannot be improved by corrective lenses

A

Amblyopia

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2
Q

Amblyopia and pathology

A

Pathology is absent

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment in children and middle-aged adults?

A

Amblyopia

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4
Q

What happens it amblyopia is not treated?

A

Persists throughout life

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5
Q

Take home points of treating amblyopia

A
  • critical period
  • patient compliance
  • effects choices as an adult
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6
Q

What is decreased VA caused by?

A
  • pattern vision deprivation, and/or

- abnormal binocular interaction

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7
Q

No ________ or _________ (that can be treated or reversed) can be detected by physical examination of the eye

A
  • causes

- etiology

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8
Q

For amblyopia, be suspicious if there is a loss of ____________ lines of VA that is not causes by pathology or correctable by ordinary refractive correction.

A

At least two lines

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9
Q

In addition to the loss of VA, amblyopia can result in

A
  • dysfunction in accommodation
  • poor eye alignment (constant strabismus)
  • reduced contrast sensitivity
  • dysfunction in spatial judgment
  • resolution is poor
  • mono fixation could develop
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10
Q

What percentage of US population has amblyopia?

A

2-4%

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11
Q

Degrees of amblyopia

A

Can be unilateral, bilateral, can be mild to severe

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12
Q

Critical period of amblyopia (age)

A

Between 8-10 yo

-has to be detected before this time, or it can be irreversible. This shows the importance of early detection

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13
Q

Critical period

A
  • visual system still developing
  • neurological sensory development of the visual system is NOT impaired
  • not completely sure exactly how long period is
  • not sure what treatments are needed after the critical period
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14
Q

What helps with the development of the visual system and visual potential in the critical period

A

Stimulation

-treatment will be better during this period

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15
Q

Abnormal input after a normal critical period

A

Results in blur but not a halt to the sensory development of the visual potential

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16
Q

Abnormal or lack of input during critical period

A

Results in a blurred image

17
Q

Differences in critical periods

A

Could be different for different amblyogenic factors

E.g. Anisometropia vs isometropia

18
Q

Some refractive errors in young infants

A

There is a need for emmetropization, where treating early could upset the natural change needed in these infants, but treating too late could also lead to amblyopia

19
Q

Why does amblyopia (functional amblyopia) occur?

A

Because the visual pathway failed to develop properly due to inadequate stimulation, which could cause dissimilar images and binocular dysfunction

20
Q

Most common causes for amblyopoia

A

strabismus and anisometropia

21
Q

Can a phoria cause amblyopia?

A

NO! Both eyes are working together

22
Q

Refractive ablyogenic conditions

A

Cause blur

  • anisometropia
  • isoametropia
  • meridonial
23
Q

Strabismus conditions of amblyopia

A

Caused by different targets

  • esotropia
  • exotropia
  • hypertropia
24
Q

Deprivation as an amblyogenic condition

A

Caused by degraded image or occlusion

  • cataract
  • ptosis
25
Q

Refractive amblyopia

A
  • meridonial
  • isoametropic
  • anisometropia
26
Q

Meridonial amblyopia

A
  • due to uncorrected high astigmatism in one or both eyes

- can be easily missed due to the orientation of the astigmatism, some kids can squint or compensate

27
Q

Isoametropic amblyopia

A
  • caused by very high refractive error in both eyes
  • so high that a clear retinal image cannot be obtained
  • results in bilateral decreased in VA
28
Q

Anisometropic amblyopia

A

Significant refractive error in only one eye with poor VA

-hard to detect because kid relies on other eye

29
Q

What entrance tests, that if missed, will lead you to miss dx of anisometropic amblyopia?

A
  • VA OU
  • not making sure each eye is properly covered to prevent peeking
  • skipping parts of exam
  • assumptions that little children cant have usual impairments

Methods BLOCK 4 (7 decks)

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