AM2

Question 1

What are tinbergens 4 questions and give an example for each

Answer 1

1. mechanism. Increased day length changes hormone level
2. function- attract males
3. evolution- ancestral birds produce simple sounds
4. development- learn from parents or neighbours

Question 2

What are the 3 affects to motivation that cause welfare problems to arise

Answer 2

1. animal is prevented from performing motivational behaviour
2. animal can perform behaviour but is prevented from achieving functional concequences
3. Animal is provided functional concequences but cannot perform behaviour

Question 3

Compare overshadowing and blocking (2)

Answer 3

Overshadowing is where the most intense stimulus of a number of stimuli will overshadow the others and be the most readily conditioned

Blocking is when presence of an already established CS blocks conditioning of a new CS

Question 4

What are the different layer and broiler breeds (2)

Answer 4

layers- lohmann, novogen and hyline

broilers- cobb and ross

Question 5

What is housing for layers like?

Answer 5

Layers-furnished cafe= 48%. Bars separate into many small cages. Large, closed, buildings, temp, artificial lighting, ventilation, food and water carefully controlled

-barn= 1%. Loosely housed

-free range= 51%- acess to outside through popholes at all times

-organic- free range, smaller flocks, lower stocking densities

Question 6

What is housing for broilers like

Answer 6

Broilers- indoor= 94%, standard= large, closed, buiilding etc…25-50K birds

-improved indoor= natural daylight, reduced stocking density and enrichment.

-Free range= 5%- outdoor area via popholes

-organic- access to range 2/3 of life

Question 7

What is housing for turkeys like?

Answer 7

Turkeys- indoor= 95%. Standard indoor= <25K birds

-pole barn= upper part of house walls open

-free range= 5%

Question 8

What is injurious pecking? (3)

Answer 8

-gentle- pecking at tips of feathers

-severe- pecking and pulling feathers, sometimes removal

-cannibalism- pecking at skin and underlying tissue of flock mates

-vent pecking- localised cannibalism

-redirected foraging behaviour due to poor litter, lack of foraging opportunity, inappropriate diet, underuse of range, exacerbated by stress

Question 9

What is the effect of fibre in chicken diets?

Answer 9

-non starch polysaccharides are indigestible as lack enzymes

-water soluble** increases digesta viscosity**, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and loose faeces/colitis

Question 10

What is the importance of protein in the diet

Answer 10

-required to maintain feathers, meat and eggs

-essential amino acids supplied including** lysine and methionine**

-100% digestible

-around 10-20% requirements by poultry

-deficiency of a single amino acid limits performance, irrespective of supply of other amino acids

-excess leads to catabolism and poor performance

Question 11

describe some of the routine treatments on backyard poultry

Answer 11

-wing clipping- one only, once a year

-beak trimming- top beak clipped to meet lower beak

-claw trimming- nail clippers

-spurs- trimmed and filed

Question 12

What are 5 components of water quality

Answer 12

-dissolved gas, nitrogenous compounds, temperature, pH, salinity

Question 13

What are some basic feeding tips for fish

Answer 13

-high protein requirement- 30-36%

-avoid overfeeding

-feed 2-4x a day with only as much food as consumed in 2-3 minutes

Question 14

List 3 risks and 3 principles of handling reptiles

Answer 14

-can be aggressive and dangerous due to teeth, claws and tails

-some can move fast

-some are venomous

-approach slowly

-do not handle during ecdysis

-handle venomous species with special equipment and training

Question 15

Describe the importance of humidity to reptiles

Answer 15

-low humidity can lead to renal failure in iguanas and dysecdysis in snakes and lizards

-high humidity can cause bacterial and fungal dermatitis

Question 16

Describe the diet of snakes compared to lizards compared to chelonians

Answer 16

-snakes eat whole prey, gaster snakes feed on fish

-lizards and chelonians may be carnivores, insectivores, herbivorous or omnivorous. Ca:P should be at least 2:1, high fibre weeks grasses and vegetables, 75-95% green lead base, 5-15% veg and <10% fruit and succulents

Question 17

How is hibernation of tortoises controlled and what is the post hibernation care

Answer 17

-fast 2-4 weeks beforehand to empty GIT

-bathe daily to ensure adequate hydration

-max of 3 months

-temperature approx 5C

-1-2% weight loss/month (wake if >10% weight loss)

-post hibernation care= warm baths to encourage drinking and urination, should eat within 1-2 days. Post hibernation anorexia common. Stomatitis, rhinitis, renal failure

Question 18

Explain why cockatoos are not good pets

Answer 18

severe behavioural problems, produce a lot of powder down, mate aggression common, loud and destructive

Question 19

What are the methods of identifying individual birds

Answer 19

-rings on tarsometatarsus- closed when click or open at any time

-female on left, male on right

-microchips- left pectoral muscle

-caudal third tattoos

Question 20

Describe the problems with seed based diets and what they lead to

Answer 20

-high in fat and calories, deficient in vitamins and minerals, poor Ca:P ratio, contaminated with aflatoxins, deficient in essential AAs

-lead to hypovitaminosis A, chronic infections, goitre, obesity, hepatic lipidosis, atherosclerosis, poor reproductive performance, metabolic bone disease

Question 21

Explain what the pareto rule is

Answer 21

aka 80:20 rule

20% of parasites are in 80% of hosts and 80% of parasites are in 20% of hosts

Question 22

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination

Answer 22

-the advantages are that it causes there to be genetic gain due to increased selection pressure for heritable traits, and an increased number of females bred from each male. It allows international trade, control of spread of venereal disease and decreased reliance of natural service bulls

-the disadvantages are that is requires detection of oestrus and the fertile period, there are technical aspects involved that require skilled personnel and generic faults can spread easily

Question 23

Explain what the ideal guinea pig diet is

Answer 23

ad lib hay, small amount of guinea pig pellet

avoid commercial treats and mixes containing nuts and dried fruits

provide non breeding adults with 10mg vit C/kg body weight per day and breeding or ill adults 30-50mg. You can provide this in pellets, drinking water or a vitamin C tablet

Question 24

Describe the housing of guinea pigs

Answer 24

-kept in single sex groups/pairs/harems

-space to exercise and hiding places as easily stressed

-20-22C, RH 40-70%

-solid flooring, smooth, easy to clean, height 40cm to prevent escape

-substrate and bedding- shredded paper is best

Question 25

Describe the diet of chincillas

Answer 25

-grass based chinchilla pellets (25-50g), ad lib good quality hay and the occasional treat

-NO leafy greens, but salt licks may be provided

Question 26

Describe the housing of chinchillas

Answer 26

-indestructible cage with wire mesh

-hide/nest box

-use shredded paper for bedding and wood shavings for substrate

-include a dust bath that is 4-6cm deep and is provided daily for a set period

-house in singles/breeding pairs/harems at 10-15C

Question 27

Describe the different breeds of hamsters and their features

Answer 27

-syrian hamsters have bilateral sebaceous glands. They are solitary, the most suitable species for children, hibernate at <5C and are nocturnal

-russian dwarfs have a ventral scent gland and are sociable- kept as singles/mixed sex/groups

-roborovski and chinese can be house on own or as pairs/group, mature adult chinese may fight

Question 28

explain the different types of housing systems for broiler chickens? (4)

Answer 28

Standard indoor- large closed buildings with a controlled environment, temperature, artificial lighting, ventilation, food and water, high stocking density (1).

Improved indoor- controlled environment but natural daylight through windows, reduced stocking densities and environmental enrichments are included like straw bales (1).

Free range- access to an additional outdoor range for part od their lives via pop holes (1).

Organic- chickens must have access to a range for 2/3 of their life and have environmental enrichments like perches inside their house (1).

Question 29

Broiler pullet vs laying hens feeding systems

Answer 29

pullets- feed a quantity restricted diet to achieve the breeding standard liveweight at slaughter (1), this is determined by the frame/skeleton size and the body composition- fat vs muscle vs skeleton (1).

Laying hens- their liveweight is determined by egg size which will determine chick size (1). But excess liveweight in females during laying will result in reduce egg laying performance, embryo mortality, high egg size in late lay where the eggshell quality and hatchability is reduced (1). They need specialised vitamin and trace element premix because of the high egg production (1).

Question 30

What things must be maintained during a sow’s lactation? (3)

Answer 30

farrowing house temp- lower than 20*C (1),

water supply- sow needs 3x the amount of milk yield as a minimum (1),

feeding regime- restriction of the feed intake of the sow in the first few days after farrowing can increase the max intake later in lactation (1)

Question 31

List the things that neonatal piglets should be given once born? (4)

Answer 31

Have a low body fat content, should be given fat-soluble vitamins like Vit E (1), iron supplements (1) and selenium (1)