AM2 Flashcards
What are tinbergens 4 questions and give an example for each
- mechanism. Increased day length changes hormone level
- function- attract males
- evolution- ancestral birds produce simple sounds
- development- learn from parents or neighbours
What are the 3 affects to motivation that cause welfare problems to arise
- animal is prevented from performing motivational behaviour
- animal can perform behaviour but is prevented from achieving functional concequences
- Animal is provided functional concequences but cannot perform behaviour
Compare overshadowing and blocking (2)
Overshadowing is where the most intense stimulus of a number of stimuli will overshadow the others and be the most readily conditioned
Blocking is when presence of an already established CS blocks conditioning of a new CS
What are the different layer and broiler breeds (2)
layers- lohmann, novogen and hyline
broilers- cobb and ross
What is housing for layers like?
Layers-furnished cafe= 48%. Bars separate into many small cages. Large, closed, buildings, temp, artificial lighting, ventilation, food and water carefully controlled
-barn= 1%. Loosely housed
-free range= 51%- acess to outside through popholes at all times
-organic- free range, smaller flocks, lower stocking densities
What is housing for broilers like
Broilers- indoor= 94%, standard= large, closed, buiilding etc…25-50K birds
-improved indoor= natural daylight, reduced stocking density and enrichment.
-Free range= 5%- outdoor area via popholes
-organic- access to range 2/3 of life
What is housing for turkeys like?
Turkeys- indoor= 95%. Standard indoor= <25K birds
-pole barn= upper part of house walls open
-free range= 5%
What is injurious pecking? (3)
-gentle- pecking at tips of feathers
-severe- pecking and pulling feathers, sometimes removal
-cannibalism- pecking at skin and underlying tissue of flock mates
-vent pecking- localised cannibalism
-redirected foraging behaviour due to poor litter, lack of foraging opportunity, inappropriate diet, underuse of range, exacerbated by stress
What is the effect of fibre in chicken diets?
-non starch polysaccharides are indigestible as lack enzymes
-water soluble** increases digesta viscosity**, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and loose faeces/colitis
What is the importance of protein in the diet
-required to maintain feathers, meat and eggs
-essential amino acids supplied including** lysine and methionine**
-100% digestible
-around 10-20% requirements by poultry
-deficiency of a single amino acid limits performance, irrespective of supply of other amino acids
-excess leads to catabolism and poor performance
describe some of the routine treatments on backyard poultry
-wing clipping- one only, once a year
-beak trimming- top beak clipped to meet lower beak
-claw trimming- nail clippers
-spurs- trimmed and filed
What are 5 components of water quality
-dissolved gas, nitrogenous compounds, temperature, pH, salinity
What are some basic feeding tips for fish
-high protein requirement- 30-36%
-avoid overfeeding
-feed 2-4x a day with only as much food as consumed in 2-3 minutes
List 3 risks and 3 principles of handling reptiles
-can be aggressive and dangerous due to teeth, claws and tails
-some can move fast
-some are venomous
-approach slowly
-do not handle during ecdysis
-handle venomous species with special equipment and training
Describe the importance of humidity to reptiles
-low humidity can lead to renal failure in iguanas and dysecdysis in snakes and lizards
-high humidity can cause bacterial and fungal dermatitis
Describe the diet of snakes compared to lizards compared to chelonians
-snakes eat whole prey, gaster snakes feed on fish
-lizards and chelonians may be carnivores, insectivores, herbivorous or omnivorous. Ca:P should be at least 2:1, high fibre weeks grasses and vegetables, 75-95% green lead base, 5-15% veg and <10% fruit and succulents
How is hibernation of tortoises controlled and what is the post hibernation care
-fast 2-4 weeks beforehand to empty GIT
-bathe daily to ensure adequate hydration
-max of 3 months
-temperature approx 5C
-1-2% weight loss/month (wake if >10% weight loss)
-post hibernation care= warm baths to encourage drinking and urination, should eat within 1-2 days. Post hibernation anorexia common. Stomatitis, rhinitis, renal failure
Explain why cockatoos are not good pets
severe behavioural problems, produce a lot of powder down, mate aggression common, loud and destructive
What are the methods of identifying individual birds
-rings on tarsometatarsus- closed when click or open at any time
-female on left, male on right
-microchips- left pectoral muscle
-caudal third tattoos
Describe the problems with seed based diets and what they lead to
-high in fat and calories, deficient in vitamins and minerals, poor Ca:P ratio, contaminated with aflatoxins, deficient in essential AAs
-lead to hypovitaminosis A, chronic infections, goitre, obesity, hepatic lipidosis, atherosclerosis, poor reproductive performance, metabolic bone disease
Explain what the pareto rule is
aka 80:20 rule
20% of parasites are in 80% of hosts and 80% of parasites are in 20% of hosts
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination
-the advantages are that it causes there to be genetic gain due to increased selection pressure for heritable traits, and an increased number of females bred from each male. It allows international trade, control of spread of venereal disease and decreased reliance of natural service bulls
-the disadvantages are that is requires detection of oestrus and the fertile period, there are technical aspects involved that require skilled personnel and generic faults can spread easily
Explain what the ideal guinea pig diet is
ad lib hay, small amount of guinea pig pellet
avoid commercial treats and mixes containing nuts and dried fruits
provide non breeding adults with 10mg vit C/kg body weight per day and breeding or ill adults 30-50mg. You can provide this in pellets, drinking water or a vitamin C tablet
Describe the housing of guinea pigs
-kept in single sex groups/pairs/harems
-space to exercise and hiding places as easily stressed
-20-22C, RH 40-70%
-solid flooring, smooth, easy to clean, height 40cm to prevent escape
-substrate and bedding- shredded paper is best
Describe the diet of chincillas
-grass based chinchilla pellets (25-50g), ad lib good quality hay and the occasional treat
-NO leafy greens, but salt licks may be provided
Describe the housing of chinchillas
-indestructible cage with wire mesh
-hide/nest box
-use shredded paper for bedding and wood shavings for substrate
-include a dust bath that is 4-6cm deep and is provided daily for a set period
-house in singles/breeding pairs/harems at 10-15C
Describe the different breeds of hamsters and their features
-syrian hamsters have bilateral sebaceous glands. They are solitary, the most suitable species for children, hibernate at <5C and are nocturnal
-russian dwarfs have a ventral scent gland and are sociable- kept as singles/mixed sex/groups
-roborovski and chinese can be house on own or as pairs/group, mature adult chinese may fight
explain the different types of housing systems for broiler chickens? (4)
Standard indoor- large closed buildings with a controlled environment, temperature, artificial lighting, ventilation, food and water, high stocking density (1).
Improved indoor- controlled environment but natural daylight through windows, reduced stocking densities and environmental enrichments are included like straw bales (1).
Free range- access to an additional outdoor range for part od their lives via pop holes (1).
Organic- chickens must have access to a range for 2/3 of their life and have environmental enrichments like perches inside their house (1).
Broiler pullet vs laying hens feeding systems
pullets- feed a quantity restricted diet to achieve the breeding standard liveweight at slaughter (1), this is determined by the frame/skeleton size and the body composition- fat vs muscle vs skeleton (1).
Laying hens- their liveweight is determined by egg size which will determine chick size (1). But excess liveweight in females during laying will result in reduce egg laying performance, embryo mortality, high egg size in late lay where the eggshell quality and hatchability is reduced (1). They need specialised vitamin and trace element premix because of the high egg production (1).
What things must be maintained during a sow’s lactation? (3)
farrowing house temp- lower than 20*C (1),
water supply- sow needs 3x the amount of milk yield as a minimum (1),
feeding regime- restriction of the feed intake of the sow in the first few days after farrowing can increase the max intake later in lactation (1)
List the things that neonatal piglets should be given once born? (4)
Have a low body fat content, should be given fat-soluble vitamins like Vit E (1), iron supplements (1) and selenium (1)
