Alzheimer's disease

Question 1

describe pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 1

accumulation of:

• neuritic (senile) plaques of beta-amyloid protein deposits poisonous to surrounding cells in grey matter
• neurofibrillary tangles of phosphorylated of tau proteins in neurons-> cell death

all lead to Ach cholinergic activities

Question 2

List some of the memory changes in a patient experiencing AD

Answer 2

• forgets entire experiences, and rarely remembers later
• gradually unable to follow written/spoken directions
• gradually unable to use notes as reminders
• gradually unable to care for self

Question 3

what are the 2 main risk factors for AD?

Answer 3

• age

- family history

Question 4

what is the main theory of AD aetiology accrording to scientists?

Answer 4

• Genetic risk if person has certain isoforms of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype (ApoE4 more at risk)

Question 5

what are some other theories of AD aetiology?

Answer 5

• neuroinflammation: immune system and inflammation
• free radical: causing oxidative stress -> mitochondrial dysfunction
• decline in neurotransmitters (e.g. Ach) and corresponding synthesising enzymes contribute to declining cognition
• type 2 DM: risk factor as alters cerebrovascular pathology

Question 6

what is the most utilised neuroassessment tool for cognitive impairment?

What drawing test could be done?

Answer 6

Mini-mental state examination: tests memory, language and visuospatial function

Clock drawing test